Yifei Zhang, Valentin Mussehl
The exponential growth of global electric vehicle deployment has precipitated a critical need for the sustainable recycling of end-of-life lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), particularly nickel–cobalt–manganese (NCM) ternary cathodes, which dominate the retired battery stream. This study establishes an integrated Aspen Plus-based hydrometallurgical process model, focusing on “acid dissolution–LiOH precipitation–electrolysis” for closed-loop NCM recycling. Gibbs reactor-based dissolution kinetics is used for selective metal leaching (achieving > 99% efficiency at 185 kg/h acid flow), the thermodynamic prioritization of sequential hydroxide precipitation (Co → Ni → Mn at 10–60 kg/h LiOH), and the electrochemical regeneration of LiOH/H2SO4 from Li2SO4 (70.01 kg/h LiOH at 0.8 conversion). Material balance analysis confirms a net production of 10.01 kg LiOH per 100 kg of NCM feedstock with 41.87 kg of acid consumption, while the energy of electrolysis power is 452.96 kW at 6 V/1360 A/m 2. This work provides a techno-economic framework for industrial-scale battery recycling.
@article{1ae2bee9-69db-47fe-823e-2874d11cd1aa,
title={2025 Zhang Hydrometallurgical recycling material and energy flow},
author={Yifei Zhang and Valentin Mussehl},
year={2026},
language={en}
}TY - JOUR TI - 2025 Zhang Hydrometallurgical recycling material and energy flow AU - Yifei Zhang AU - Valentin Mussehl PY - 2026 LA - en ER -
Printed circuit boards (PCBs) from electronic gadgets at the end of their useful life period are currently being dumped in landfills or incinerated, c
The leachability tests for manufacturing scrap TV boards (STVB) have indicated the release of metals beyond the limit levels with potential problems f
C.N. Mpinga, J.J. Eksteen
Platinum Group Metals (PGMs), often with associated gold, have very few occurrences where they are present in an ore deposit at economically extractab
Unknown, Unknown
This chapter discusses metal casting processes, highlighting the diversity and common characteristics among them. The objective is to elucidate the fu
Unknown, Unknown
This study focuses on the fundamental characteristics of solid iron, which is predominantly composed of iron atoms and provides a basis for understand