Determination of optimal parameters for

The use of secondary Li-ion batteries has grown significantly in recent years because of their high energy density and are currently used in a wide range of applications such as electronic appliances, energy storage applications, and electric vehicles. Due to the limited resources and environmental problems after end-of-use, the recycling of valuable metals from spent batteries is substantially essential. In this work, sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) leaching with the help of a reducing agent (hydrogen peroxide) of four different cathode materials was studied. The results showed that a single addition of hydrogen peroxide at the beginning of leaching yielded faster and more efficient leaching performance compared to multiple additions. Moreover, the incorporation of copper and aluminum foils improved leaching efficiencies for most metals except lithium. Optimal conditions led to nearly 100% leaching efficiency for cobalt, nickel, and manganese from crushed spent cathode material, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed leaching process in recovering valuable metals from lithium-ion batteries.