Evaluating top soil trace element pollution in the vicinity of a cement plant and a former open-cast uranium mine in central Argentina

Heavy metals are especially dangerous due to their persistence and toxicity, with soils acting as sinks for these toxic elements. This study aims to identify the levels and sources of heavy metal contamination in agricultural and residential areas around Córdoba, Argentina, and to evaluate the enrichment of total and HCl-extracted heavy metals. We collected ninety-four topsoil samples from the region (0–10 cm depth), primarily influenced by agricultural practices. Potential pollution sources included a cement plant, an industrial waste incinerator, a former open-cast uranium mine, and various industries. Trace elements such as As, Ba, Ca, and Zn were quantified using neutron activation analysis and atomic absorption spectroscopy. We employed nonparametric statistical methods to analyze the data. Our results indicated that the average Ba concentration exceeded acceptable soil quality guidelines for residential areas, with As and Co concentrations exceeding the limits set by national and international regulations. The presence of As and Ba appeared to be influenced mainly by natural factors, while other elements were influenced by both anthropogenic and pedogenic factors. The cement plant was identified as a significant source of contamination in the area.