Jose A. Solano-Castellanos, Hassan Haes Alhelou
This paper addresses frequency regulation under operational constraints in interconnected power systems with high penetration of inverter-based renewable generation. A two-layer control architecture is proposed that combines optimized droop and Virtual Synchronous Machine (VSM) primary control with a Model Predictive Control (MPC) secondary layer operating at realistic control-room update rates. Unlike recently proposed approaches, the proposed framework integrates MPC within existing grid control structures, enabling constraint-aware coordination. A reduced-order frequency response model is systematically derived from a detailed grid model using Hankel singular values, and a reduced-order Kalman–Bucy observer enables state and disturbance estimation using only measurable outputs. Evaluation using representative data from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia demonstrates effective frequency regulation under realistic operating conditions.
@article{235d1dc7-a0e8-4722-b9ba-739bcd73eb64,
title={2026 Solano Castellanos Inverter Frequency Regulation},
author={Jose A. Solano-Castellanos and Hassan Haes Alhelou},
year={2026},
language={en}
}TY - JOUR TI - 2026 Solano Castellanos Inverter Frequency Regulation AU - Jose A. Solano-Castellanos AU - Hassan Haes Alhelou PY - 2026 LA - en ER -
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