The effect of temperature and methanol–water mixture on pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE) of anti-HIV analogoues from Bidens pilosa

Pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE) technique has recently gained attention for extracting biologically active compounds from plant tissues due to its cost-effectiveness and efficiency. This study aimed to optimize the extraction of specific metabolites, namely dicaffeoylquinic acid and chicoric acid from Bidens pilosa, utilizing varying concentrations of methanol (0, 20, 40, and 60%) and temperature conditions (50, 100, and 150 °C). The extracts were analyzed using UPLC-qTOF-MS/MS, revealing that both temperature and solvent composition significantly influenced the recovery of these metabolites. A notable increase in recovery was observed with higher methanol concentrations and temperatures, with specific compounds including 3,5-diCQA and chicoric acid being recovered in the highest amounts under specific conditions. Response surface methodology indicated good model fits with R2 values between 0.57 and 0.87, helping visualize the effects of different extraction conditions on metabolite recovery. The study thus provides a comprehensive assessment of the optimization of PHWE for bioactive compound extraction, highlighting its potential for effective and environmentally friendly extraction methods.