Recent advances in two dimensional material and nanocomposite bas 2026 Next

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) has become a versatile label-free optical sensing approach for measuring chemical and biomolecular interactions, providing rapid, real-time, and ultra-sensitive responses. The single-metal-layer SPR sensors have high damping loss, broad resonance characteristics, and low molecular adsorption efficiency. The most recent progress includes advanced functional materials, multilayer structures, and catalytic nanocomposite interfaces to enhance plasmonic field confinement and sensing sensitivity with more degrees of freedom. In this review, we will provide an inclusive and application-dependent survey of the 2D-material-based sensing platform, especially for environmental monitoring, food quality detection, and bio-diagnostics. They systematically discuss the rest and sensing properties, including sensitivity, figure of merit (FOM), quality factor (QF), and limit of detection (LOD) based on the operating principles as well as optical structures used for sensing, to clarify the structure-sensing characteristic relationship. Special attention is given to phosphorus-derived compounds, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), high-refractive-index (RI) dielectric layers, and polymer- and biopolymer-modified sensing layers to improve analyte capture and interfacial charge transfer. In this review, plasmonic platforms (PP) integrated with nanocomposites and nanozymes for catalytic signal amplification and ultra-trace detection are reviewed from a critical perspective. Furthermore, comparative performance evaluation, fabrication reproducibility, and stability limitations are analyzed along with emerging directions such as artificial intelligence.