Towards Zero Solid Waste in the Sedimentary Phosphate Industry: Challenges and Opportunities

The phosphate industry produces huge volumes of waste, resulting in significant environmental impacts due to conventional surface landfilling practices. This review aims to examine the existing waste management practices within the phosphate sector, detailing the typology of waste streams, their characteristics, and potential applications. The study considers all waste generated during the lifecycle of phosphoric acid production, from phosphate rock extraction to its enrichment and transformation. In identifying opportunities for circularity, the review emphasizes the recovery of residual phosphorus and other critical minerals and metals while suggesting that phosphate wastes may serve as alternative resources in civil engineering and building. The goal is to transition from traditional linear models to circular economies, fostering synergy between various mining and related industries. This approach not only aids in safeguarding natural resources but also minimizes environmental and societal impacts. However, the transition faces economic and technical constraints, a lack of awareness among policymakers, regulatory challenges, and existing knowledge gaps. To achieve a zero-waste target, increased investment in research and development is essential.