Panwen Su, Ravi Menon
Controlling the titanium concentration in weld deposits plays an important role in establishing weld metal microstructure. This work tested the effect of the reaction between the steel melt pool and liquid slag (molten flux) on titanium control during submerged-arc welding. Laboratory equilibration experiments confirmed that welding conditions are oxidizing towards titanium, with an expected equilibrium distribution coefficient of titanium between slag and metal of around 1000. Analysis of multilayer weld deposits confirmed the low recovery of titanium, but also a change in oxide inclusion composition in response to the titanium recovery in the weld metal. Both an approximate analytical model and a transient model considering full equilibration at the steel–slag interface demonstrated that titanium recovery is poorer if the steel–slag reaction proceeds further towards equilibrium. The relative importances—for the titanium concentration in the weld metal—of the rate of the steel–slag reaction and dilution of the added wire by remelted material are quantified with kinetic weighting factors. Considering these relative weights leads to general guidelines for control of the weld deposit composition.
@article{6288e935-fd85-43e9-8eab-bc3531b5003a,
title={Dilution and Slag–Metal Reactions Control the Titanium Concentration in Submerged-Arc Weld Metal},
author={Panwen Su and Ravi Menon},
year={2026},
language={English}
}TY - JOUR TI - Dilution and Slag–Metal Reactions Control the Titanium Concentration in Submerged-Arc Weld Metal AU - Panwen Su AU - Ravi Menon PY - 2026 LA - English ER -
A. Filipe Ferrás, Fátima De Almeida
In discussions on environmental policies, eco-efficiency is often underlined. Eco-efficiency is defined as delivering products and services with compe
Adrián Ojeda-López, Marta Botana-Galvín
Rolling is one of the most important processes in the metallurgical industry due to its versatility. Despite its inherent advantages, design and manuf
Jingzhe Wang, Shesh Srivatsa
The consolidation of metal powders is a complex thermomechanical process, and the temperature significantly affects the density distribution in the co
Yann Le Godec, Sylvie Le Floch
Spark plasma sintering (SPS), also called pulsed electric current sintering (PECS) or field-assisted sintering technique (FAST) is a technique for sin
Jianglei Cui, Xiaolong Lv
Titanium and its alloys have been widely used in high-end fields such as aerospace and biomedical engineering due to their excellent corrosion resista
Naol Dessalegn Dejene, Hirpa G. Lemu
Powder bed fusion (PBF) is recognized as one of the most common additive manufacturing technologies because of its attractive capability of fabricatin