2020 Thethwayo Carbon Refractories

Although carbon is typically considered a reductant in pyrometallurgical smelting processes, it can also be applied as refractory material in the furnace containment system. This review introduces researchers new to the field to refractory materials and elucidates their critical role in the design of the furnace containment system. It provides an overview of various carbon-containing and carbon-based refractory materials and their applications, particularly focusing on the refractory lining of furnace systems utilized in iron and steel making, ferro-alloys, and platinum group metals industries. The review further discusses the significance of these materials in enhancing the efficacy of pyrometallurgical processes. By synthesizing existing literature and research findings, the paper aims to highlight advancements in the understanding of carbon's multifaceted applications in refractory materials. The analysis includes a discussion on the functional characteristics of these materials, their performance in high-temperature environments, and the implications for industrial practices within the relevant sectors. This work serves as a foundational reference point for both new and existing researchers aiming to explore the intersections of refractory technology and pyrometallurgy.