Application of Value Stream Mapping as a Lean Construction Tool in Precast Façade Installation: A Case Study of the “XYZ” Apartment Project in Jakarta, Indonesia

The growing demand for high-rise residential buildings has encouraged the adoption of precast façade systems as a means to improve construction efficiency and quality consistency. Despite their technological advantages, the on-site installation of precast façades often encounters operational inefficiencies caused by workflow fragmentation and poor coordination between logistics and installation processes. This study explores the application of Value Stream Mapping (VSM) as a Lean Construction tool to conceptually analyze the precast façade installation process in a high-rise apartment project in Jakarta, Indonesia. Using a process-based analytical approach, the study maps the sequence of installation activities to identify value-adding and non-value-adding components within the workflow. The analysis reveals that inefficiencies are primarily systemic rather than task-specific, emerging from misalignment between material delivery, equipment availability, and installation readiness. These conditions generate cascading waste patterns, including waiting, inventory accumulation, unnecessary movement, and process interruptions that disrupt workflow continuity. The findings highlight that the performance of precast façade systems depends not only on prefabrication advantages but also on process synchronization across project operations. By improving workflow transparency, VSM demonstrates its potential as a strategic tool for diagnosing coordination gaps and supporting flow-oriented management in prefabricated high-rise construction.