MME Technical-Paper Abstracts Collection on Hydrometallurgy

Ore agglomeration has been integral to the heap leaching process for 40 years, yet the absence of a universal agglomeration standard has curtailed its benefits. This study establishes an agglomeration scale defining quality standards for agglomerates, detailing their mechanical, physical, and hydrodynamic behavior. Critical hydro-dynamic properties of agglomeration products are essential for effective leaching operation design and can guide the selection of optimal ore pretreatment methods. Beyond enhancing the hydrodynamic characteristics of ores, agglomeration facilitates better reagent delivery, potentially boosting leaching economic performance. Industrial case data illustrate the drawbacks of low-quality agglomeration against the advantages of improved methods, such as enhanced porous structures and superior metallurgical responses with higher recovery rates. Moreover, the paper explores rich mineral resources in the deep oceans, elaborating on the technological evolution, current challenges, and the future needs of deep-sea mining. It argues that automation and standardization will play pivotal roles in addressing extraction obstacles, while highlighting necessary technological advancements for the field. Overall, this research provides a comprehensive perspective on both agglomeration in leaching processes and the emerging domain of deep-sea mineral extraction.