Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Aluminium Production—a Life Cycle Approach

The production of primary metals, particularly iron and steel, significantly contributes to global greenhouse gas emissions, with iron and steel accounting for approximately 70% of these emissions. This study investigates the potential for reducing CO2 emissions through the implementation of renewable sources of energy and reductants, such as biomass carbon, in the ironmaking and steelmaking processes. Employing a comprehensive literature review and analysis of existing production methods, we explore the advantages and challenges associated with substituting fossil-fuel based reductants with biomass-derived alternatives. Key findings reveal that biomass materials have historically been employed in metallurgical processes, and while their renewable nature offers a promising avenue for sustainable production, challenges in resource management and the development of efficient charcoal production technologies persist. Furthermore, we evaluate modern steelmaking routes, emphasizing the integrated blast furnace process and the mini-mill electric arc furnace. The study underscores the need for technological advancements in charcoal production and sustainable biomass sourcing to minimize environmental impacts while meeting production demands in the metallurgical sector.