The role of steelmaking desulfurisation and EAF-smelter in hydrogen-based steelmaking route of low-grade iron ores

The transition to hydrogen-based steelmaking processes presents significant challenges and opportunities for the steelmaking industry, particularly in relation to the handling of sulfur-rich low-grade iron ores. This paper investigates the role of desulfurisation in the hydrogen-based direct reduction iron (DRI)-smelter-boF route and the impact of sulfur content from iron ore on this process. An assessment of the steelmaking desulfurisation mechanisms reveals that the electric arc furnace (EAF)-smelter assumes a pivotal role in reducing the sulfur levels in the produced steel. The current state of technology indicates that the integration of pilot-scale and industrial-scale EAF-smelters capable of handling low-grade iron ores is underway, with several planned for construction in the coming years. These developments are imperative to improve the efficiency of the H2-based steelmaking route, as they address the sulfur content issues associated with lower-grade raw materials. The insights gained from this research highlight the need for innovation in smelting technologies to facilitate a successful transition to a more sustainable steelmaking process. Overall, this work underscores the importance of addressing sulfur challenges within hydrogen steelmaking to boost the utilization of otherwise underused low-grade iron ores.