Heap Leaching of Copper Ores – State of the Science

Heap leaching is a significant process, accounting for approximately 20% of global copper production, which involves the percolation of aqueous lixiviants through heaps of coarsely crushed ore particles. This study aims to provide an in-depth understanding of the complex chemical reactors that are heaps, examining how competing sub-processes interact to influence metal extraction rates. The methodology involves a comprehensive review of the various micro-scale and macro-scale interactions between mineral particles and solutions, focusing on the bulk transport and distribution dynamics within unsaturated dense beds. Results indicate that enhanced prediction of copper production rates and operational optimization can be achieved through a detailed understanding of these interactions. Moreover, the findings present opportunities for improved extraction strategies for low-grade and polymetallic ores by employing a more fundamental approach to heap leaching processes. This research not only underscores the significance of operational control in heap leaching but also opens avenues for maximizing the value extracted from diverse ores.