Impact of Cattaneo Christov heat and mass flux on 3D fl 2026 International J

This research explores the comparative investigation of 3D Maxwell nanofluid flow through a porous surface influenced by microorganisms under the Cattaneo–Christov heat/mass flux model, suction/injection and convective heating conditions. The governing partial differential equations representing the momentum, heat, nanofluid concentration and microorganisms are changed into a nonlinear system of ordinary differential equations by employing suitable conversion variables. These nonlinear differential equations are analytically and numerically tackled by using the homotopy analysis method and the bvp4c solver, respectively. The results are illustrated with graphs for different fluid flow parameters. The analytical and numerical findings are verified through previous published results with excellent agreement. Key observations suggested that the primary and secondary velocity distribution downfall occurred when elevating the values of porosity and injection/suction parameters. The thermal distribution escalates when amplifying the values of the Biot number and heat generation/absorption parameters. The larger momentum boundary layer occurs in the viscous fluid case compared to the Maxwell fluid case. The quite opposite nature occurs in thermal, nanofluid concentration and microorganisms distributions. The Biot number improves the heat transmission gradient and declines the mass transmission gradient in both fluid cases. These outcomes offer novel insights for improving thermal management in engineering and industrial processes, like heat exchangers, nuclear reactors, and more.