A Review on Nanomaterialsas Solid Phase

Nanotechnology is an advanced technology that has gained much attention due to their considerably small size and remarkable properties. Nanomaterials with their unique structural properties offer many advantages such as greater surface area, excellent adsorption capability, and high selectivity. These exceptional properties make them preferable to be used as solid phase extractants for the removal of toxic metal ions, which have adverse effects on human health. Lead is one of the most toxic metal ions as even its trace concentration possesses risk to humans and other organisms. Since it is usually present in environmental samples in very low concentration, its direct determination is a challenging task. Many singular detection techniques have been used so far for this purpose, but these suffer from limitations such as high cost, more reagent consumption, and low sampling rate. To overcome these challenges, hyphenated analytical systems have been introduced. Flow injection is one of the simplest, fast, highly efficient techniques that can be coupled to different detection systems. Hyphenated flow injection detection system is an automated technique with high sampling frequency. This review discusses the recent studies done on the removal of lead from various environmental samples using nanomaterials and determination by singular and hyphenated techniques.