Fundamentals of gas liquid solid fluidiz

The successful design and operation of a gas-liquid-solid fluidized-bed system depend on the ability to accurately predict the fundamental properties of the system, specifically, the hydrodynamics, the mixing of individual phases, and the heat and mass transfer properties. Identification of the flow regimes under which the system operates is crucial to an understanding of both the variations of these properties and overall system performance. This comprehensive review systematically describes the status of fundamental gas-liquid-solid fluidization behavior while identifying areas where current knowledge is lacking and further research is required. It examines various operational modes for gas-liquid-solid fluidized-bed systems, including cocurrent and countercurrent flows with gas or liquid as the continuous phase. The review presents both experimental and modeling studies focused on hydrodynamics, individual phase mixing, and heat and mass transfer behavior across different fluidization states. Furthermore, it briefly addresses the industrial applications of gas-liquid-solid fluidized beds, highlighting their significant advantages in processing involving gas, liquid, and solid phases. This review serves as a critical resource for understanding the complexities involved in gas-liquid-solid fluidization, guiding future research directions and applications.