Merging Large Language Models and Battery Physics for User-Aware Electric Vehicle Driving Management

Electric vehicle (EV) battery performance is strongly coupled with driver behavior, yet human intent is typically expressed semantically rather than numerically. This paper proposes a hybrid physics–artificial intelligence framework that integrates a Large Language Model (LLM) as a high-level behavioral reasoning layer within a physics-driven supervisory architecture. The LLM interprets textual user intent and structured battery feedback to generate bounded behavioral parameters that shape a discharge current envelope. A physics-driven safety filter then enforces physical safety constraints before computing feasible velocity recommendations. Lyapunov-based analysis establishes bounded recommendation error under battery model and prompt inaccuracies. Simulation results demonstrate adaptive, user-aware operation without compromising physical safety. The proposed reasoning–enforcement architecture provides a principled pathway for safe AI integration in EV energy management.