Abhilash, Shivendra Sinha
Red mud is a solid waste of the Bayer process and is considered to be a harmful waste when it is stockpiled in huge amounts. By the year of 2015, the alumina industry is estimated to produce 4 billion tons red mud worldwide at its current production rate. In India, alumina plants have an annual capacity of 1.692 million tons, generating about 2 million tons of red mud every year. Disposal of red mud is an environmental risk due to its large quantity. Conversely, there have been scattered efforts worldwide to extract significant amounts of rare earth elements (REEs) such as La, Ce, Y, and Sc from this waste material. However, recovering REEs from red mud is challenging due to their low concentrations and the presence of major minerals like Fe, Al, and Ti. This article presents a comprehensive review of the presence of REEs in red mud, their mineralogical characteristics, and recent findings on the extraction of these elements. The discussion aims to highlight both the potential for resource recovery and the environmental challenges associated with red mud disposal.
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