Biomass derived SiO supported heterogeneous catalysts for fatt 2026 Next Ma

The development of sustainable and economically viable heterogeneous catalysts remains a central challenge in fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) production. Biomass-derived SiO ₂ -based catalysts have emerged as promising alternatives to conventional homogeneous systems due to their renewability, structural tunability, and compatibility with circular bioeconomy principles. This review critically analyzes recent advances in the synthesis, modification, characterization, catalytic performance, and sustainability of biomass-derived SiO ₂ -supported heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production. Various silica-rich agricultural residues, including rice husk, palm kernel shell, corncob, sugarcane bagasse, and arecanut husk, are evaluated as precursor materials. Preparation routes such as thermal treatment, alkaline extraction, impregnation, sol – gel processing, and composite engineering are systematically discussed in relation to their impact on physicochemical properties and catalytic behavior. Comparative analysis demonstrates that catalytic performance is governed by the synergistic interplay between mesoporous structure, surface basicity, active metal dispersion, and strong metal – support interactions. Alkali-modified silicates generally exhibit superior FAME yields (up to ~99%), whereas mixed oxide systems provide enhanced structural stability and reusability (up to 11 cycles). Sustainability assessment highlights the importance of minimizing energy-intensive calcination, improving resistance to metal leaching, and enhancing catalyst regenerability to ensure long-term environmental viability.