Takunda Joseph Mhandu, Ilhwan Park
The depletion of easily milled (free-milling) gold deposits has driven the mining industry to increasingly rely on refractory ores, particularly those containing arsenic (As)- and antimony (Sb)-bearing sulfides, for future gold (Au) production. Today, Au derived from refractory ores accounts for roughly one-third of global output, and this share is expected to increase further. A comprehensive review was conducted to investigate the hydrometallurgical strategies developed for the extraction of gold from these complex ores, detailing the underlying mechanisms involved in the recovery process. The analysis highlights the challenges faced by the industry, including environmental concerns and processing difficulties associated with arsenic and antimony. Furthermore, emerging trends in technique development and innovation are discussed, showcasing potential pathways for improving gold extraction efficiencies. The review outlines current practices, recent advancements, and future directions in hydrometallurgical strategies aimed at optimizing gold recovery from refractory ores. The findings are intended to guide researchers and practitioners in refining methodologies and enhancing sustainable practices in gold extraction.
@article{9bf30aeb-5a83-4424-8b36-089fd51eda11,
title={A review of hydrometallurgical strategies for gold recovery from arsenic- and antimony-bearing refractory ores: mechanisms, challenges, and emerging trends},
author={Takunda Joseph Mhandu and Ilhwan Park},
year={2026},
language={en}
}TY - JOUR TI - A review of hydrometallurgical strategies for gold recovery from arsenic- and antimony-bearing refractory ores: mechanisms, challenges, and emerging trends AU - Takunda Joseph Mhandu AU - Ilhwan Park PY - 2026 LA - en ER -
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