Second life potential of end of life E f

This paper assesses the second-life potential of end-of-life (EoL) E-ferry cells for stationary battery energy storage systems (BESSs). Given the challenges associated with repurposing electric vehicle batteries, including heterogeneous aging profiles and complex cell balancing, this study explores an alternative pathway using E-ferry batteries that are replaced earlier due to their frequent usage in daily operations. Initial characterization of cells from multiple modules was carried out to evaluate capacity, energy retention, impedance, and charging behavior, including tests under C/3, C/2, and C/1 discharge and charge rates and additional screening for isolated outliers. Most cells exhibit consistent capacity and energy retention in the 70–80% state-of-health (SoH) range with closely clustered impedance, while one module contains an isolated outlier with significantly lower SoH (around 68%), and the large deviations can make bad cells easier to detect. Results further show that a lower C-rate is preferred, and the charging behavior analysis reveals that the charging power depends on the state of charge (SoC) and changes with the applied C-rate, which can be critical for realistic power scheduling. Overall, the findings demonstrate that E-ferry cells, owing to their controlled operational history, earlier replacement, and generally uniform degradation, are strong candidates for second-life stationary BESSs.