Socio-technical scales in socio-environmental modeling: managing a system-of-systems modeling approach

This article addresses the complexities and challenges encountered in socio-environmental systems modeling, particularly focusing on scale incompatibilities among the system representations of constituent systems. The objective is to propose a more integrated framework that allows for effective management and modeling of these complex interactions. Employing a multidisciplinary approach, we engage insights from various experts across relevant domains to explore the dynamic interplay of scale, complexity, and heterogeneity in socio-technical contexts. The methodology includes a comprehensive review of existing modeling practices, coupled with expert consultations to delineate key issues and opportunities for improvement. Results reveal that traditional modeling approaches often fail to account for the intricacies posed by multi-scale interactions, leading to significant gaps in understanding and managing socio-environmental systems. Consequently, this study advocates for the development of a holistic systems-of-systems modeling framework that not only bridges current methodologies but enhances collaborative efforts across disciplines. Future research directions are suggested to refine these modeling practices further and reinforce their applicability in real-world scenarios.