Atte Antikainen, Joni Reijonen
This study investigates the impact of stress relieving temperature on the mechanical properties, residual stresses, and lattice parameter evolution of laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) high-carbon tool steel D2. The objective was to assess the manufacturability of high-carbon tool steels using L-PBF and to understand the effects of heat treatment on their properties. Samples were printed with a preheating temperature of 360°C and heat-treated at varying stress relieving temperatures of 550, 600, and 650°C for two hours. Hardness, residual stress profiles, tensile properties, and fracture surfaces were analyzed, revealing the emergence of M7C3 carbides during heat treatments. The maximum achieved hardness was 625 HV1, with yield and tensile strengths of 1441 MPa and 1813 MPa, respectively, after heat treatment at 600°C. Residual stresses were recorded at nearly 800 MPa in the as-manufactured state, and significant stresses were observed in dual-phase samples. The results demonstrate that high-carbon tool steel can be effectively manufactured with L-PBF and that high residual stresses can be alleviated with moderate-temperature tempering.
@article{9ede2f31-f5e6-4597-9fbb-824a3f7f4f01,
title={08 D2 Tool Steel Stress Relief},
author={Atte Antikainen and Joni Reijonen},
year={2026},
language={en}
}TY - JOUR TI - 08 D2 Tool Steel Stress Relief AU - Atte Antikainen AU - Joni Reijonen PY - 2026 LA - en ER -
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