Lewandowskietal.2026AgriculturalProductionBioeconomyBookChapter

Agriculture encompasses the cultivation of crops and husbandry of livestock, functioning primarily for food production while also supplying biomass for energetic uses. This sector, alongside forestry, composes the backbone of resource production within the bio-economy, significantly contributing to the food supply as well as sources of starch, sugar, and vegetable oils. Currently, approximately 33% of the Earth's land surface is devoted to agricultural activities, sustaining the livelihoods of around 2.5 billion individuals. Despite its vital role, agriculture can lead to environmental challenges, including the degradation of land and water resources and the deterioration of vital ecosystem services. In this context, agroforestry emerges as a key practice, integrating woody perennials with agricultural crops and animals, fostering ecological benefits such as carbon storage, erosion control, and improved water retention. As a sustainable agricultural practice, agroforestry enhances the productivity and stability of farming systems, demonstrating its importance in promoting agroecological practices and improving the management of less productive lands. Overall, the findings highlight the intricate balance required to maintain agricultural productivity while addressing environmental concerns.