Nickel laterite processing and electrowi

Nickel is a vital metal utilized in various commercial and residential applications, yet few producers actively recover this essential resource. This paper investigates the conventional methods of nickel recovery from ores, which typically include mineral processing, smelting, and refining techniques. Notably, laterites constitute around 70% of global nickel sources and are expected to become increasingly significant; they can be efficiently processed using pressure acid leaching and solvent extraction-electrowinning (SX-EW) systems. Regions such as Australia, Cuba, Indonesia, New Caledonia, and the Philippines are notably abundant in laterites, which can be mined through cost-effective open pit methods compared to the more expensive underground mining required for sulphide ores. The role of cobalt, zinc, and copper as by-products in nickel extraction is addressed. Modern automated processing plants not only utilize advanced technologies but also comply with environmental regulations, producing nickel in significant quantities. The examination of electrowinning techniques for nickel recovery from aqueous sulphate and chloride media is provided, alongside a discussion of alternate feedstocks like nickel-bearing deep-sea nodules and scrap. Furthermore, the document outlines existing practices and challenges relating to nickel's hydrometallurgical extraction, presenting a comprehensive overview of the field.