Causality analysis between GDP growth an

In this research, causality analysis between GDP growth and air transport indicators in Turkey for the period 1960-2019 is conducted. The study aims to explore the extent of interaction between various airline data and GDP in Turkey. Methodologically, stationary, Johansen co-integration, and Granger causality tests were employed to analyze the relationships between GDP and air transport data, including cargo quantity, number of passengers, and oil prices. The unit measures utilized in the analyses comprise GDP and oil prices expressed in dollars, passenger counts in individuals, and cargo amounts in tons. Logarithmic transformations of the gross domestic product growth rate (GDP), total passenger count at Turkish airports (PAX), cargo weights in tons, and average annual oil prices (OPEC) were employed in the regression model. To ascertain the relationships among stationary variables, stability tests were implemented; results indicated that all variables displayed a unit root and were thus non-stationary. The Johansen co-integration test revealed two long-term vector relationships among the variables. Finally, the Granger causality test results indicated a causal relationship between cargo amounts and GDP growth. The findings contribute valuable insights into the interaction between economic growth and air transport in Turkey.