Sustainable issues related to heap leaching operations

Heap leaching operations have significantly evolved since their inception in the 1550s, presenting complex metallurgical, geotechnical, and environmental challenges in modern mining. The objective of this paper is to explore the critical role of ore properties, both mechanical and hydraulic, in enhancing the sustainability and efficiency of heap leaching processes. Through a comprehensive review of various fields, including hydrometallurgy, civil engineering, and geochemistry, the methodology involves discussing the interdisciplinary contributions necessary for developing and operating sustainable heap leach facilities. Results indicate that while advancements in technology and engineering have improved recovery outcomes, defining ore mechanical properties remains crucial for ensuring stability and performance of leach pads. Inadequate testing of these properties may lead to failures that undermine recovery efficiency. The findings aim to provide guidance for practitioners looking to broaden their understanding of the important factors influencing heap leaching operations, ultimately leading to more effective and sustainable practices in the industry.