2026 Xu Organic acid leaching of spent NCM batteries

The growing demand for portable power has triggered a sharp increase in end-of-life lithium–nickel–cobalt–manganese oxide (NCM) batteries. Efficient recovery of NCM cathode materials is crucial for resource security. This study investigates an ascorbic acid–tartaric acid leaching system for extracting cobalt and manganese from spent NCM batteries. Temperature influences the leaching efficiencies of cobalt and manganese. Leaching efficiencies increase from 50 to 80 ◦C, consistent with the Arrhenius law. However, beyond 80 ◦C, side reactions inhibit cobalt leaching. Leaching efficiency increases with time over the range of 40 to 120 min, and then stabilizes at equilibrium. Ascorbic acid concentration plays a critical role. Within 0–1.5 mol/L, ascorbic acid promotes dissolution through reduction and coordination. At higher concentrations, excess H + ions hinder complex formation. Similarly, tartaric acid concentration has an optimum range of 0.2–0.5 mol/L, where both H+ and ligands are supplied effectively. Outside this range, ligand availability is reduced. The solid–liquid ratio also affects performance. The optimal range of 5–15 g/L promotes mass transfer. Outside this range, efficiency declines due to solid accumulation or reduced diffusion. The results show that under optimal conditions, leaching recovery reaches 94.8% for Co and 99.3% for Mn. The optimal leaching conditions were determined as follows: tartaric acid, 0.5 M.