In vivo human electrochemical properties of a NiTi-based alloy (Nitinol) used for minimally invasive implants

The development of a homemade device for in vivo human determination of the open circuit potential (OCP) of Nitinol is described. Pseudo-reference electrodes (316L stainless steel and Pt) were initially tested and validated in vitro using simulated body fluids. As judged from the excellent electrochemical responses in terms of both accuracy and precision, the most ideal system comprised the combination of sterilized Pt (pseudo-reference) and Nitinol (working) needle-shaped electrodes. The average in vivo human OCP determined from independent measurements on six human patients with indication of direct arterial surgery was 20.334 6 0.030 V/SCE. This value was in good agreement with data recorded in vitro using simulated body fluids (20.313 6 0.003 V/SCE in AFNOR S90-701 artificial saliva; 20.334 6 0.001 V/SCE in artificial urine; 20.239 6 0.007 V/SCE in Ringer’s solution). The thin surface film protecting the bulk NiTi alloy is therefore not susceptible to active dissolution at rest as long as the break down potentials ( /C29 0.0 V/SCE) so far reported are well above OCP measured in this study. These results highlight the importance of evaluating the corrosion resistance of Nitinol under realistic conditions (mechanical loads, wear and fatigue) in applied to polymer electrolyte fuel cells with a pseudo reference electrode arrangement.