Analysis of Contract Change Order (CCO) Factors, Cost and Time Factors Affecting Bore Pile Work (Case Study of Cisauk Fly over Construction Project): A Systematic Literature Review

Almost all government and private construction projects experience change orders initiated by either the contractor or the owner, leading to deviations from initial plans. This study aims to identify and analyze the factors causing Contract Change Orders (CCOs) and their impact on cost and schedule performance of bore pile work in the Cisauk flyover construction project in Tangerang Regency. A quantitative approach was used, with data collected via questionnaires from project participants and processed using IBM SPSS, including validity, reliability, normality, and factor analysis tests. The independent variables comprise six groups of factors: contract documents, planning and design, owner involvement, environmental/external conditions, contractor-related factors, and resource-related factors, each broken down into detailed indicators. The research will rank these factors and determine which are most dominant in influencing CCOs, thereby clarifying how change orders affect both cost and time performance of bored pile work in the project.