Non-linear 6tability $nalysis of &ells +aving 'ifferent 7ypes of &athode 6urface *eometry

Different operational parameters are known to influence cell stability, such as ACD, ledge toe position, and metal level. This study investigates the impact of irregular cathode surface designs on cell stability by performing analyses on three types of cathode surface geometries: flat surface, longitudinal ridges, and lateral ridges. A thorough examination of how these geometries affect cell stability compared to the established operational parameters reveals nuanced effects. It was observed that irregular cathode surface technology can be beneficial in terms of mitigating drag on metal flow, which could enhance stability. Conversely, it also appears to negatively influence the horizontal current in the metal pad, thus potentially posing a risk to stability. Additionally, the impact of irregular designs on the global metal flow and the bath-metal interface deformation remains inconclusive, with existing studies offering mixed results. The findings underscore the necessity for a detailed cell stability analysis in order to evaluate the true significance of irregular cathode surface design on overall cell stability, suggesting that when controlling other factors, irregular surfaces may have limited impact on stability outcomes.