Electrochemical Methods for Lithium Reco

Due to the ubiquitous presence of lithium-ion batteries in portable applications, and their implementation in the transportation and large-scale energy sectors, the future cost and availability of lithium is currently under debate. Lithium demand is expected to grow in the near future, up to 900 tons per year in 2025. This paper critically reviews electrochemical lithium recovery methods, addressing the limitations of the conventional lime-soda evaporation process, which is hindered by lengthy production times and weather dependencies. It highlights alternative electrochemical methods that offer advantages such as higher production capacity, reduced chemical waste, and the capability to meet fluctuating market demands. The review focuses on various methodologies, materials, reactor designs, and the current state of the art in the field. A comprehensive evaluation reveals that the efficiency of lithium extraction heavily relies on the selectivity of capturing materials and the intrinsic reversibility of ion intercalation reactions. The insights provided aim to enhance the competitiveness of electrochemical methods against traditional extraction techniques, paving the way for sustainable lithium production in light of increasing demand.