Ewa Rudnik
Ruthenium, a critical metal, plays an increasingly important role in modern applications, such as catalysts for chemical synthesis and the production of hard disk drives. As a result, the supply has struggled to meet the growing demand in recent years. The economic position of ruthenium presents an opportunity to examine the methods of its extraction, particularly given that it is a lesser-known platinum group metal. This article explores the concentration of ruthenium in natural sources and the methods used in primary production, with a particular focus on hydrometallurgical techniques applied at an industrial scale. It also discusses secondary ruthenium-containing materials, including spent catalysts, metallurgical by-products, wastewaters, and spent nuclear fuel. The article provides a detailed analysis of the composition of these materials, emphasizing hydrometallurgical methods like leaching and separation processes, along with the recovery of final products.
@article{d3453699-18e0-46c7-9518-c351c57baa6a,
title={2026 Rudnik Ruthenium Hydrometallurgical Recovery Review},
author={Ewa Rudnik},
year={2026},
language={en}
}TY - JOUR TI - 2026 Rudnik Ruthenium Hydrometallurgical Recovery Review AU - Ewa Rudnik PY - 2026 LA - en ER -
Printed circuit boards (PCBs) from electronic gadgets at the end of their useful life period are currently being dumped in landfills or incinerated, c
Mudila Dhanunjaya Rao, Kamalesh K. Singh
Rapid global technological development has resulted in increased production of electronic waste, which presents both challenges and opportunities in r
Huan Li, Elsayed Oraby, Jacques Eksteen
Waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs) are a complicated and valuable fraction of electric and electronic waste. The recycling of them is critical to av
Jaising Gadekar
E-Waste is a term used to cover items of all types of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) and its parts that have been discarded by the owner as
Increasing volumes of waste printed circuit boards from obsolete electronic equipment posed escalating environmental risks and resource losses due to