Suitable chemical methods for preparatio

This article presents a suitable chemical method for the preparation of graphene oxide nanosheets. In order to examine the effects of HNO3/H2SO4 ratio on interlayer spacing and its comparison, the oxidation of graphite with HNO3 and H2SO4 in 1:2 and 1:3 volume ratios was conducted. Based on the reaction time and interlayer spacing, it was determined that the optimal results were achieved when the reaction was carried out with HNO3/H2SO4 in a 1:3 volume ratio (using the modified Staudenmaier method) for a duration of 4 days. Results indicated that the modified Staudenmaier method improved the efficiency of exfoliation in the oxidation process. Furthermore, the chemical reduction of graphene oxide, obtained using the modified Staudenmaier method, with hydroquinone and hydrazine hydrate was evaluated. The findings revealed that the use of hydrazine hydrate as the reducing agent was more advantageous than hydroquinone. Additionally, we described the preparation of surface-functionalized graphene nanosheets with octadecylamine. The products were characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).