A review of mineral carbonation technolo

Carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and sequestration includes a portfolio of technologies that can potentially sequester billions of tonnes of CO2 per year. This work investigates the current advancements in mineral carbonation (MC) technologies, which offer a viable solution for smaller and medium emitters where geological sequestration is not feasible. In MC processes, CO2 is chemically reacted with calcium- and/or magnesium-containing materials to form stable carbonates. The study explores in situ mineral carbonation as a promising option regarding resource availability and security, despite its infancy and higher transport and storage costs compared to geological storage methods. Ex situ mineral carbonation has been demonstrated at pilot scales, yet its viability remains constrained by high sequestering costs ranging from $50 to $300 per tonne of CO2. Key factors hindering success include energy use, reaction rate, and material handling. The economic feasibility of MC appears linked to product value, similar to conventional carbon capture and storage (CCS) operations. Large-scale projects, such as the Skyonic process, are expected to mitigate existing knowledge gaps and provide critical data for the successful implementation of MC technologies. The literature suggests that MC could significantly contribute to decarbonizing the power and industrial sectors in the future.