Three-dimensional Temperature Field

Despite the increasing use of lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) across various sectors, concerns about their thermal vulnerability persist. Uneven thermal distributions in LiB packs can lead to significant safety risks, including fires and explosions. This study aims to reconstruct the three-dimensional temperature field of a LiB pack in real time, addressing the challenge of achieving high-fidelity reconstruction within constrained computational time. A thermal model for the LiB pack configured in series is initially developed, capturing spatial thermal behavior with a balance of high integrity and low complexity. Subsequently, the standard Kalman filter is distributed to facilitate temperature field estimation while reducing computational complexity. Numerical simulations and arithmetic operation analysis demonstrate that this distributed estimation method achieves accuracy comparable to the centralized approach but with significantly reduced computational demands. The findings suggest that this work can enhance the safety of LiB packs in systems reliant on LiB-based energy storage, potentially increasing the applicability of this technology across diverse engineering fields.