State of the art treatment processes for

Solid residues from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) in Japan consist of air pollution control residues (AR) and bottom ash (BA), both of which present environmental hazards due to the potential release of dioxins and metals. This paper aims to review and evaluate various treatment techniques for AR before landfilling, including melting, cementitious stabilization and solidification (S/S), chemical stabilization, and acid extraction. The evaluation focuses on the quality, quantity, and utilization of end products, treatment costs, energy demand, and process reliability. While thermal processes demonstrate superior dioxin removal and material recovery, they come with significantly higher treatment costs, reaching up to 60,000 ¥ t-1. Conversely, cementitious S/S and chemical stabilization are easier to operate, though they increase solid waste mass considerably. Acid extraction, despite its reliability and cost-effectiveness, holds the smallest market share. Overall, the findings highlight the complexity of MSWI residue management in the context of Japan's unique socio-environmental landscape, emphasizing the need for effective treatment methods to mitigate the associated risks.