Performance Evaluation of Waste Materials for the Treatment of Acid Mine Drainage to Remove Heavy Metals and Sulfate

Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) poses a significant environmental challenge in the mining sector, characterized by low pH and high concentrations of pollutants, particularly sulphate and heavy metals. This research evaluates the effectiveness of various low-cost waste materials, such as fly ash, metallurgical slag, zero-valent iron (ZVI), cement kiln dust (CKD), and organic waste, in treating AMD. The conventional active treatment methods have been criticized for their high material and maintenance costs, prompting a search for more economically viable solutions. The study discusses the mechanisms by which these alternative materials can facilitate the removal of heavy metals and sulphate from AMD, thereby reducing its detrimental impact on surface and groundwater. Findings indicate that, through preventive measures implemented to control groundwater infiltration and the acid-generating process, using low-cost waste materials can enhance the treatment of metal-rich wastewater while minimizing economic burden. This research underscores the potential of integrating sustainable practices within the mining industry, contributing to environmental mitigation strategies for AMD management.