Materials for Nuclear Plants

Structural materials must be able to operate under demanding exposure conditions, particularly for advanced nuclear plants where challenges arise from temperature, radiation, and corrosive media. This chapter categorizes materials based on their performance at elevated and high temperatures, with specific nuclear aspects discussed only briefly. The analysis begins with carbon steels and low alloy steels, progressing through ferritic-martensitic steels, austenites, and superalloys. It also explores intermetallics and nano-featured alloys as potential candidates for advanced applications, along with ceramics for extreme temperature applications. Historical context reveals that although structural materials for the current generation of nuclear light water reactors have been well developed, new generations, such as the sixth generation IV reactors or fusion reactors, require advancements. The increasing demands for structural materials stem from more challenging operational conditions, necessitating a shift from traditional metallic composites to innovative materials like ceramics and enhanced metallic systems. Furthermore, the chapter discusses the hurdles associated with integrating new materials in structural applications due to the disparity between the timelines for materials research and the established requirements for design data and production processes for new plant types.