2022 Gao Tian ming Lithium extraction from hard rock lithium ores spodumene lepidolite zinnwaldite petalite Technology resou cg2022088

This study investigates the extraction of lithium from various hard rock lithium ores, namely spodumene, lepidolite, zinnwaldite, and petalite, focusing on the technological, resource-related, environmental, and cost aspects. The objective is to provide a comprehensive analysis of current lithium extraction methods and their implications. Using a systematic review methodology, the authors compiled and analyzed data from multiple peer-reviewed sources and industry reports, highlighting the efficiency of different extraction techniques, the sustainability of raw materials, and associated environmental impacts. Results reveal that while traditional methods such as pyrometallurgy remain prevalent, newer techniques like hydrometallurgy and biotechnological approaches show promise in enhancing extraction rates and reducing carbon footprints. Furthermore, a cost analysis indicates that variations in ore composition significantly affect the economic feasibility of lithium extraction projects. The findings underscore the necessity for innovation in extraction methodologies to meet the growing demand for lithium in battery technologies, especially in the context of environmental sustainability. Future research directions should focus on optimizing these processes and minimizing the ecological impacts, thus paving the way for a sustainable lithium supply chain.