A comparative analysis of recycling tech

The growing global demand for batteries, driven by the rise of electronic devices and electric vehicles, underscores the critical need for advanced recycling technologies to recover valuable cathodic materials from battery waste. This study introduces a novel Selection Index to holistically assess Direct, Pyrometallurgical, and Hydrometallurgical recycling technologies across various arrangements (Art 1, Art 2, and Art 3), based on energy efficiency, economic feasibility, and environmental impact. Direct recycling (Art 1) is the most energy-efficient (510–760 KJ/Kg) but produces high CO₂ emissions (0.95–1.85 Kg/Kg). Hydrometallurgical recycling (Art 3a) offers a balanced approach, with moderate CO₂ emissions (1.9–3.6 Kg/Kg) and higher costs ($39–$64/kg), achieving the greatest net economic benefit. Pyrometallurgical recycling (Art 2b and 2c) demonstrates mid-level energy use (420–1120 KJ/Kg) and CO₂ emissions (1.3–3.8 Kg/Kg). The Selection Index identifies hydrometallurgical and direct recycling technologies as the best candidates for environmental impact. This work contributes to the development of a comprehensive framework for selecting the most suitable recycling technology based on multi-dimensional performance metrics, enabling more informed decisions in the battery recycling industry. These findings highlight the potential of recycling technologies in mitigating environmental impacts, conserving resources, and fostering a circular economy for battery materials.