Modeling Turbulent Flow in Extractive Processes

All extractive processes involve fluids (gases or liquids) where the fluid flow is crucial to the functioning of the process, often being turbulent. Turbulent flow significantly influences mass and heat transfer rates as well as other phenomena such as bubble/droplet breakup, coalescence, and particle suspension. This paper reviews the advancements in modeling turbulent flows within metallurgical unit operations over the last decade, including agitated leaching, ladle metallurgy, electrowinning/refining, induction furnaces, Hall cells, and electromagnetic casting. Comparisons between model predictions and experimental outcomes are presented where feasible, underscoring the utility of quantitative treatments for understanding these turbulent flows. The paper serves as an introduction to the complexities of turbulent flows in extractive metallurgy, aiming to bridge the gap between theoretical modeling and practical engineering applications, ultimately enhancing productivity and product quality in industrial processes.