A Sharp and Conservative VOF Method for Multicomponent Liquid–Gas Mass Transfer: Bubble Dissolution and Droplet Evaporation

We present a sharp and conservative geometrical VOF–finite-volume method for multicomponent liquid–gas mass transfer across deformable interfaces. The method solves problems in which multiple species are coupled through interfacial mass balances, latent-heat exchange, and vapor–liquid equilibrium. The key novelty is a fully sharp two-field treatment of scalar transport: the species and temperature equations are solved separately in the liquid and gas phases, while the one-sided Robin conditions for species and the two-sided flux jump for temperature are imposed directly on the reconstructed interface through an embedded-boundary discretization. This avoids both volumetric regularization of interfacial source terms and explicit coupling based on previous-time-step interfacial data. A consistent geometrical advection scheme is used for volume, momentum, energy, and species transport, and a sequential coupling strategy is developed to determine the partial interfacial mass fluxes, close the temperature equation, and update the thermodynamic-equilibrium state. The method is validated through single- and multicomponent bubble dissolution, single-component droplet evaporation, non-ideal ethanol–isooctane droplet evaporation, and sessile water–glycerol droplet evaporation. The results demonstrate second-order accuracy, accurate interfacial flux prediction, good mass and energy conservation, and the ability to capture complex multicomponent effects such as gas replacement, azeotropic volatility reversal, and composition-driven Marangoni flow.