Hydrometallurgy
Browse 60 curated documents about hydrometallurgy in The Archive — the 2RA-Edition digital library for engineering and scientific research. This collection of books, journal articles, theses, reports, and technical documents on hydrometallurgy spans extractive metallurgy, mining engineering, chemistry, and applied science. Every document is searchable in full text; sign in to read, download, ask AI questions about any document, or generate cited research drafts with the AI Researcher.
Vanadium Extraction from High Calcium-Content Vanadium Slag by Calcification Roasting
Hong-Yi Li, Ning Wang
Compared to traditional sodium roasting, calcified roast inhibits chlorine pollution. A vanadium extraction technique based on a calcified roast is especially suitable for vanadium slag with high calcium content. In this report, V2O5 was extracted from vanadium slag by calcified roast followed by acid leaching and hydrolysis precipitation. In optimized conditions, the high silicon low vanadium sla
Extraction of indium from zinc oxide flue dust by microwave sulfation roasting and water leaching
Jun Chang, Jin-hui Peng
The leaching of indium from refractory zinc oxide flue dust (ZOFD) is attempted to utilize a microwave sulfating roasting process, followed by water leaching. The ZOFD and roasted product were characterized by XRD and SEM/EDS analysis. The effects of various roasting parameters, such as roasting temperature/duration, the proportion of sulfuric acid, as well as the leaching parameters such as the l
Roasting of Celestite in Laboratory Scale Rotary Furnace
Selim Ertürk, Raşit Sezer
Turkish celestite ore was roasted in a lab scale rotary kiln furnace with metallurgical coke. The objective was to investigate the effects of various parameters on the roasting process. Methodology included mixing coke and celestite, with a product containing 32% coke, and feeding 100 g of the mixture at 35 g/min into the rotary furnace. Parameters such as temperature (1000 and 1100 °C), rotation
Use of Ion Exchange to Increase Value in Copper–Cobalt Operations
J. van Deventer
Ion exchange is an essential technique in hydrometallurgical operations for recovering and purifying valuable metals, particularly in the copper-cobalt sector. This study examines the applications of ion exchange, specifically focusing on chelating and solvent-impregnated resins, to achieve improved metal purity and economic efficiency. Through the selective removal of impurities from cobalt-rich
Solvent extraction of uranium from leach solutions obtained in processing of Polish low-grade ores
Katarzyna Kiegiel, Anna Abramowska
Solvent extraction of uranium from acidic and alkaline post-leaching liquors that were obtained by leaching of Polish ores is reported in this paper. The stripping of uranium from organic to aqueous phase was also studied. The synergistic mixture of 2-diethyl-hexylphosphoric acid (D2EHPA) and tri-n-butylphosphate (0.2 M:0.2 M) was found as a good extracting agent for uranium. Recovery of uranium w
Optimisation du rendement de récupération du Cobalt au circuit FAM, cas des usines de Luilu (KCC)
TSHITOLA BLESSING Jenovic, ZEKA MUJINGA, AUBIN TSHIBANDA
La présente étude a porté sur les procédés d’optimisation et de purification du cobalt par précipitation sélective aux usines hydrométallurgiques de Luilu. Il a été constaté une importante perte de cobalt due à la coprécipitation liée aux fluctuations des paramètres de travail, associée à la résistance de certaines impuretés ayant un domaine de précipitation supérieur aux valeurs fixées à l’usine.
GOLD RECOVERY FROM WASTE PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD IODIDE LEACHATES USING A NOVEL MEMBRANE-BASED ELECTROWINING PROCESS
Ngeleka Marco Mukuna, Jochen Petersen
The hydrometallurgical recovery of gold from waste printed circuit boards is considered a promising recycling technique. This paper presents the findings from a study investigating the feasibility of a hydrometallurgical technique to recover gold from waste printed circuit board iodide leachates using a novel membrane-based electrowinning process. Findings showed that the investigated novel proces
Sulphur formation in a medium temperature copper leach and a potential means to mitigate sulphur ball formation using lignosulfonate
Prosper Dube, Mamookho Elizabeth Makhatha
This dissertation examines sulphur formation during medium temperature leaching processes and proposes a potential method to mitigate sulphur ball formation utilizing lignosulphonate. The objective is to identify effective strategies to minimize sulphur-related issues in extractive metallurgy. The methodology involves conducting experiments to analyze the conditions under which sulphur forms and t
Behavior and Study of the Kinetics Aspects of Hydrothermal Leaching Conducted on Thermal Activated Products of Complex Polymetallic Secondary Sulfide Concentrate
Y. Wu, Y. Liao
The utilization of complex polymetallic secondary sulfide concentrate (CPSSC) is challenging due to its unique structure and composition. This study aims to investigate the effects of thermal activation and hydrothermal leaching on CPSSC to enhance copper extraction. Initially, CPSSC was subjected to roasting, followed by hydrothermal leaching under oxygen pressure with water. Characterization of
Extraction of copper from complex carbonaceous sulfide ore by direct high-pressure leaching
Labone L. Godirilwe, Refilwe S. Magwaneng
The increase of impurities and complexity of copper ores are among the recent challenges in the mining industry. Complex carbonaceous sulfide ores are extremely difficult to treat due to their mineralogical complexity and impurities of organic carbon and carbonates. This study focuses on the development of a hydrometallurgical process for efficient copper extraction from complex carbonaceous sulfi
–PhD Thesis–
BAISUI HAN
This thesis presents the development of effective processes for the recovery of copper from low-grade copper resources, specifically focusing on flotation and high-pressure oxidative leaching technologies. The objective is to address the challenges posed by the increasing prevalence of low-grade copper ores, which are often overlooked due to their perceived low economic viability. A comprehensive
TECK’S CESL COPPER PROCESS:
Keith Mayhew, Tannice McCoy
As replacement production from global refined copper rises, the need for producers to find cost effective ways to develop copper porphyry deposits is becoming increasingly important. For example, brownfield projects in South America with depleting heap leach production but with an underlying sulphide deposit represent an opportunity to integrate concentrate leaching with existing solvent extractio
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F. Saloojee, F. K. Crundwell
Copper sulphide ores containing chalcopyrite are challenging to leach under atmospheric conditions, prompting the need for alternative hydrometallurgical treatments, such as pressure leaching. This study aims to optimize the performance of pressure leaching circuits through two main strategies: enhancing the configuration of autoclaves and improving the heat removal method. The methodology involve
COPPER LEACHING FROM PRIMARY SULFIDES: OPTIONS FOR BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL EXTRACTION OF COPPER
David Dreisinger
The primary sulfide minerals of copper have posed challenges for effective leaching aimed at direct copper extraction, particularly chalcopyrite, which tends to passivate under various oxidative leaching conditions. Over the past 10-15 years, diverse biological and chemical leaching methods have been developed to address this passivation issue, with several of these processes now nearing or achiev
Acid Pressure Leach Process for Copper Removal*
Rinat MIRVALIEV, Katsutoshi INOUE
The study investigates the selective oxidation of copper and iron sulfide minerals found in low-grade molybdenite concentrates during autoclave leaching in acidic media. The objective is to evaluate the effects of oxygen partial pressure, reaction time, and temperature on the efficiency of copper removal. The methodology involves analyzing the mineral oxidation sequence, which occurs in the order
HYDROCOPPER® FOR TREATING VARIABLE COPPER CONCENTRATES
L. Haavanlammi, K. Hietala
The Outokumpu HydroCopper® process is a chloride based atmospheric leaching process alternative that can treat a variety of different concentrates. Chalcopyrite and other copper sulfides can effectively be leached under atmospheric pressure in strong, aggressive chloride solution using copper (II) ions as oxidant. Impurities are removed from the solution as carbonates and ion exchange. Copper is p
HYDROCOPPERTM- ECONOMICAL TREATMENT FOR COPPER AND GOLD CONCENTRATES AT THE MINE SITE
Olli Hyvärinen, Pertti Lamberg
The HydroCopperTM process, developed by Outokumpu Technology, introduces a novel chloride leaching method for the efficient treatment of copper sulphide concentrates directly at the mine site, aiming to enhance copper production and facilitate the utilization of low-grade ores. This study investigates the feasibility of the HydroCopperTM technology, which not only allows for the extraction of high
CURRENT STATUS OF COPPER LEACHING AND RECOVERY IN THE U. S. COPPER INDUSTRY
W. Joseph Schlitt
This chapter reviews the current status of copper leaching and recovery operations in the United States, highlighting the significance of these techniques within the copper industry. The objective is to analyze the contributions of leach operations to total mine output and provide a comprehensive understanding of the evolution of these processes. Methodologically, the text employs a historical per
Understanding acid consumption and its relationship with copper recovery
M. L. Free
Acid consumption in copper heap leaching is significantly influenced by the minerals present in the ore, including both gangue minerals like biotite and chlorite, and copper-bearing minerals such as chrysocolla and malachite. This study aims to elucidate the relationship between acid consumption and copper recovery by analyzing various factors such as the rate of acid application, particle size, a
sustainability 11 03347
Thriveni Thenepalli, Ramakrishna Chilakala
Heap leaching is a low-cost technology used in industrial mining to recover precious metals such as gold and uranium, along with several other highly sought after metals like copper, from their primary resources (ores and minerals). For many decades, there has been a growing demand for heap leaching due to its environmental benefits. Heap leaching provides mining operators with a benign, effective
Technical innovations spur resurgence of copper solution mining
J. B. Hiskey
The domestic copper industry has faced significant challenges due to declining ore grades, rising operational costs, and stricter environmental regulations, leading to a need for innovative mining techniques. This paper aims to explore the resurgence of copper solution mining as a viable alternative to conventional methods. The methodology includes a review of historical practices and recent advan
Selective Arsenic And Antimony Removal By Alkaline Leaching And Precipitation From Enargite And Tennantite Tetrahedrite Ore
A Shibayama, W Tongamp
In this research, an investigation of a process to selectively remove arsenic (As) and antimony (Sb) contained in enargite (Cu3AsS4) and tennantite/tetrahedrite ((Cu1,Fe)12(As,Sb)4S13) copper resources by leaching and precipitation were performed. First in the leaching process, the target was to selectively leach As/Sb and reduce their contents in the ores to <0.5 wt% followed by a second process
Process development for recovery of Cu, Sb and Ag from tetrahedrite concentrates
Shijie Wang
The metals of value in tetrahedrite are copper, antimony, and silver. This study proposes a novel hydrometallurgical process aimed at recovering these metals from tetrahedrite concentrates. The methodology involves leaching the concentrates with ferric fluoborate, followed by solvent extraction, electrowinning, and final residue treatment. Results show that this process yields high-purity SX-EW co
MME09MT 1403 PEMUNIT PROCESSES IN HYDROMETALLURGY LEACHING, PURIFICATION OF LEACH LIQUOR
SWETA SUMAN, ADITYA KUMAR JHA
Hydrometallurgy is an important technique within extractive metallurgy that enables the recovery of metals from ores through aqueous solutions. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of unit processes involved in hydrometallurgy, particularly focusing on leaching and purification of leach liquor. A systematic methodology is presented that includes four key steps: leaching, separation
Method for determining the sulfuric acid balance in copper leach systems
J.H. Templeton, W.J. Schlitt
The study presents a detailed discussion on the chemical reactions that occur within copper-leach recovery systems, focusing on the overall sulfuric acid balance. The objective is to evaluate the impact of both oxide and sulfide mineralogy on acid consumption, generation, and solution buffering, which are crucial for the operation of copper-leaching projects. A methodology involving two case studi
minerals 05 00298
Fátima Arroyo, Constantino Fernández-Pereira
Germanium recovery from coal fly ash by hydrometallurgical procedures was studied at the pilot scale (5 kg of fly ash/h). Results were used to design the equipment of a demonstration-sized plant (200 kg of fly ash/h). The process is based on hydrometallurgical operations: firstly a germanium extraction from fly ash by leaching and a consequent Ge separation from the other elements present in the s
Marcelo Adasme Extraccion Sinergica de E
Marcelo Ignacio Adasme Valdés, Romina Cayumil Montecino
Este documento presenta una tesis de pregrado que aborda la extracción sinérgica de elementos de valor desde muestras de relaves mineros. El objetivo principal es desarrollar un método eficiente y sostenible para recuperar metales valiosos presentes en los residuos de la minería. Se llevó a cabo un estudio experimental que incluyó la recolección y caracterización de las muestras de relaves, así co
DIRECT BIOLEACHING OF ZINC USING manihot
Ajibola, O. O., Adebayo, A. O.
The advent and development of new technologies that will provide better yields, cleaner, and a safer environment is a global challenge for researchers. Traditional solvents used in the extraction of minerals are often hazardous, posing ecological threats. This study reports the direct bioleaching of zinc sourced from the Abakaliki-Ishiagwu complex zinc sulphide ore deposit, which predominantly con
The Direct Leaching of Nickel Sulfide Flotation Concentrates – A Historic and State-of-the-Art Review Part I: Piloted Processes and Commercial Operations
Nebeal Faris, Mark I. Pownceby
The extraction of nickel (Ni) from sulfide resources commences with flotation to produce a concentrate which is then smelted to create a nickel-enriched phase called matte, further refined to produce pure Ni products along with by-products such as cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), and precious metals. Despite the technological robustness of the traditional concentrate smelting-matte refining process, it i
Extraction of Rare Earth Elements from Aqueous Solutions by Using Hydrometallurgical Techniques
Tamer Utku Bektas
Rare earth elements (REEs) are essential for a variety of technological applications, prompting the need for efficient extraction methods from aqueous solutions. This thesis aims to investigate hydrometallurgical techniques for the extraction of REEs, optimizing conditions for maximum recovery. The methodology involves a comprehensive literature review coupled with experimental procedures, where v
Establishment of a Hydrometallurgical Scheme for the Recovery of Copper, Nickel, and Cobalt from Smelter Slag and Its Economic Evaluation
Labone Lorraine Godirilwe, Kazutoshi Haga
In pursuit of carbon neutrality, the demand for metals that are necessary for the development of clean energy technologies is rapidly increasing. Metallurgical waste, such as slag, presents a promising secondary source of these key metals. This research aims to develop an eco-friendly hydrometallurgical process to recover Cu, Ni, and Co from discarded copper/nickel slag. High-pressure acid leachin
2026 Xu Organic acid leaching of spent NCM batteries
Weihui Xu, Xueying Li
The growing demand for portable power has triggered a sharp increase in end-of-life lithium–nickel–cobalt–manganese oxide (NCM) batteries. Efficient recovery of NCM cathode materials is crucial for resource security. This study investigates an ascorbic acid–tartaric acid leaching system for extracting cobalt and manganese from spent NCM batteries. Temperature influences the leaching efficiencies o
Optimizing the Extraction of Rare Earth Elements from Char by Combining Physical Beneficiation and Acid Leaching in the Context of Techno-Economic Analysis
Takumi Ichikawa, Yuki Nagase
The sustainable recovery of rare earth elements (REE-Y) from electronic waste is critical for clean-energy technologies. Yet, the commercial viability of recovering REE-Y from shredder residue char (SR-char) remains unexplored. Because recovery processes are heavily influenced by operational costs, evaluating economic feasibility alongside metallurgical performance is essential. This study assesse
2026 Farcean Alkaline leaching of electric arc furnace dust
Ioana Fărcean, Mirel Glevitzky
Steel dust is a waste generated during steelmaking in an electric arc furnace (EAF), which contains a high proportion of iron-bearing compounds, leading to the inclusion of this waste as a resource in the circular economy for steelmaking. In addition to the limitation related to granulation (the waste must be processed to obtain larger particle sizes), a limiting factor is the increasingly high Zn
2026 Arancibia Zuniga Copper recovery from mining waste leaching review
Agustín Arancibia-Zúñiga, Bastián Cornejo-Kunz
Mining activities generate large volumes of waste that pose both environmental liabilities and potential secondary resource value. A significant fraction of these materials still contains recoverable copper, making leaching a promising strategy for reprocessing and valorization, given the natural decline in ore grade. This study presents a PRISMA-based systematic review of recent literature on lea
2025 Rudnik Tin recovery by biohydrometallurgical methods
Ewa Rudnik
Tin, although not considered a critical material in all world regions, is a key material for modern technologies. The projected scarcity of tin in the coming decades emphasizes the need for efficient recycling methods to maintain uninterrupted supply chains. This review article focuses on the recovery of tin from low-grade secondary sources, specifically obsolete printed circuit boards (PCBs) and
2026 Zou Lixiviant effects on graphite leach residues
Yuanmin Zou, Reima Herrala
Recycling of graphite from Li-batteries has attracted increased interest due to the substantial increase in global demand. In this work, leach residues of different battery recycling solutions were characterized as one potential secondary source for graphite. Sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, and sodium hydroxide were studied (2 M and 4 M concentrations, T = 60 °C, S/
2025 Jovanovic MnO2 KI oxidative leaching of sphalerite concentrate
Aleksandar Jovanović, Dimitrije Anđić
This study examined the leaching behavior of copper and iron from a sphalerite concentrate in sulfuric acid utilizing an ensemble MnO2–KI oxidizing system. The temperature was shown to significantly influence the leaching kinetics, with the efficiency notably improving between 40 ◦C and 80 ◦C. The introduction of KI affected the balance between sulfur passivation and oxidant availability, facilita
2014 Korkmaz Comparative pressure and atmospheric leaching of nickel laterite
Kivanç Korkmaz, Yavuz A. Topkaya
The purpose of this study was to compare the high pressure acid leaching (HPAL) with agitated atmospheric leaching (AL) to obtain better extraction efficiencies of nickel and cobalt from refractory nickel laterite ores. The research examines various experimental conditions, focusing on different parameters affecting leaching performance. A series of experiments were conducted to determine the opti
2020 Meshram Organic acid leaching of copper converter slag
Pratima Meshram, Uday Prakash
An innovative, economical, and environmentally sound hydrometallurgical process has been proposed for recovering Cu, Ni, and Co from copper-rich converter slag by organic acids. In the leaching experiments, the effects of organic acid concentrations, pulp density, temperature, and time were investigated. Optimum recovery of 99.1% Cu, 89.2% Ni, 94% Co, and 99.2% Fe was achieved in 9–10 h at 308 K (
An Electrochemical and Leach Study of the Oxidative Dissolution of Chalcopyrite in Ammoniacal Solutions
Thandazile Moyo
Chalcopyrite is the most abundant copper sulphide and is extremely stable, which makes it resistant to traditional hydrometallurgical treatment methods, particularly atmospheric leaching. With the decline in ore grades and rising costs associated with concentration processes, there is a compelling need to revisit more economical and environmentally friendly hydrometallurgical options, particularly
2003 Takashi Yoshida Leaching of Zinc Oxide in Acidic Solution matertrans.44.2489
Takashi Yoshida
The leaching mechanism of zinc oxide is essential for understanding the zinc smelting process and developing new zinc recycling methods. This study aimed to investigate the leaching of zinc oxide from electric arc furnace dust (EAF dust) using hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid solutions. Kinetic leaching tests were conducted with variations in pH, temperature, leaching time, and the rotating spe
Hydrometallurgical Production of Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) from Furnace Fines
Mehmet Ali Recai Önal, Lopamudra Panda
The ferromanganese (FeMn) alloy is produced through the smelting-reduction of manganese ores in submerged arc furnaces. This process generates large amounts of furnace dust that is environmentally problematic for storage. Due to its fineness and high volatile content, this furnace dust cannot be recirculated through the process, either. Conventional MnO2 production requires the pre-reduction of lo
2026 Zou Lixiviant effects on graphite leach residues (1)
Yuanmin Zou, Reima Herrala
Recycling of graphite from Li-batteries has attracted increased interest due to the substantial increase in global demand. In this work, leach residues of different battery recycling solutions were characterized as one potential secondary source for graphite. Sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, and sodium hydroxide were studied (2 M and 4 M concentrations, T = 60 °C, S/
2026 Zou Battery metals and impurities in black mass leaching
Yuanmin Zou
With the global transition toward sustainable energy systems, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have become indispensable in portable electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy storage. Nonetheless, the rapid accumulation of spent LIBs presents environmental, safety, and resource challenges. Efficient recycling and recovery of critical materials like Co, Li, Ni, Cu, and graphite are therefore
2026 Zhou Oxygen enriched leaching of copper sulfide concentrate
Qifan Zhou, Feng Xie
The accumulation of low-grade, refractory copper sulfide concentrates from secondary resources, such as smelting slag-flotation products, represents a growing challenge in the copper industry. This study develops and validates an atmospheric oxygen-enriched leaching process that requires neither grinding nor high pressure, targeting a typical slag-flotation copper sulfide concentrate. Systematic m
2026 Matar Oxidants and accelerants in gold cyanidation
Maria Matar, Bona Lim
Gold cyanidation remains one of the most important hydrometallurgical processes in the mining industry. Gold dissolution kinetics and cyanide consumption are governed by coupled anodic–cathodic electrochemical reactions and influenced by pulp pH, particle size, cyanide concentration, mineralogy, and solution chemistry. Despite extensive studies on individual additives in gold cyanide leaching, a c
2026 Baatarbek Microwave alkaline leaching of coal fly ash
Nursaule Baatarbek, Lyazzat Mussapyrova
This study investigated the extraction of aluminum from aluminum silicate-rich coal ash from the ash-slag waste of the Almaty CHP-2 power station using microwave-assisted alkaline leaching. The high chemical stability of the quartz and mullite phases in the ash leads to high energy consumption during conventional acid–base treatment. To improve the kinetic parameters of the leaching process, amorp
2026 Ganovska Eh pH diagrams for rare earth processing
Ema Gánovská, Martin Sisol
Rare earth elements (REEs), including yttrium, scandium and lanthanides, are essential for advanced technologies, particularly in electronics, defense and renewable energy systems. The main primary REE sources include bastnaesite, monazite and ion-adsorption clays, while secondary sources comprise permanent magnets, phosphors, LEDs and other technological waste. The growing demand, together with C
2024 Zou NMC black mass leaching with LFP
Yuanmin Zou, Alexander Chernyaev
This study focuses on the effect of an emerging source of waste, lithium iron phosphate (LFP) cathode materials, on the hydrometallurgical recycling of the currently dominant industrial battery waste that is rich in transition metals (Ni, Co, Mn, and Li). The effects of the dosage of LFP, initial acidity, and timing of LFP reductant addition were investigated in sulfuric acid (H2SO4) leaching (t =
2025 Partinen Sulfate and chloride leaching of lithium ion batteries
Jere Partinen
Maailmanlaajuiset pyrkimykset fossiilisista polttoaineista puhtaampiin teknologioihin siirtymiseksi ovat kasvattaneet akkujen merkitystä huomattavasti, mikä on arkielämässä näkynyt erityisesti viime vuosina kasvaneena sähköautojen määränä. Tämä väitöskirja tutkii hydrometallurgisen prosessin liuotusvaihetta, joka on oleellinen osa tehokasta akkujen kierrätystä. Liuotuskokeita suoritettiin sulfaatt
2023 Gonte Thiosulfate leaching of waste printed circuit boards
Melissa Gugulethu Gonte, Dr. Thandazile Moyo
This study investigates the early-stage process flow and reactor sequencing to optimize gold extraction from waste printed circuit boards using thiosulphate leaching. The primary objective is to enhance the efficiency of gold recovery by systematically analyzing the effects of various parameters on the leaching process. A series of experiments were conducted to evaluate the impact of ammonia conce
Circular Recycling Strategies for LFP Batteries: A Review Focusing on Hydrometallurgy Sustainable Processing
D.d.S. Vasconcelos, J.A.S. Tenório
The exponential growth of electric and hybrid vehicles in the last five years forecasts a waste problem when their batteries achieve end-of-life. Li-ion batteries for vehicles have been assembled using materials from natural resources (as Li, Fe, Al, Cu Co, Mn and P). Among them, LiFePO4 cathode materials have demonstrated advantages such as charge–discharge cycles, thermal stability, surface area
Application driven recovery of precious metals from anthropogeni 2026 Next M
Peeyush Phogat, Meher Wan
Precious metals — gold (Au), silver (Ag), palladium (Pd), and platinum (Pt) — are indispensable enablers of modern electronic, catalytic, and energy technologies, yet their supply is increasingly constrained by geological scarcity, geopolitical concentration, and escalating environmental costs of primary mining. This manuscript presents a rigorous, application-centric assessment of precious metal
2025 C. X. Li Advances in Integrated Extraction of Valuable Components from Ti Bearing Slag met15101080
Chenhui Li, Peipei Du
Ti-bearing blast furnace slag (TBS), a byproduct of vanadium–titanium magnetite smelting, serves as an important secondary resource for titanium recovery. However, the complex mineralogical composition and finely dispersed nature of titanium in TBS present significant challenges for efficient extraction. This review systematically examines four major titanium extraction routes: hydrometallurgical
On the Use of Amino Acids to Leach Precious Metals from Primary and Secondary Resources
Simbarashe Fashu, Aaron Mukuya
During hydrometallurgical processing of precious metals, the leaching process is the critical stage mainly contributing to environmental pollution problems. The most important process variables affecting leaching kinetics are temperature, lixiviant concentration, solid-to-liquid ratio, presence of catalysts and synergists, and the type of oxidant. There are significant efforts to replace harmful l
Studies on the Hydrometallurgical Transfer of Lead, Copper, and Iron from Direct-to-Blister Copper Flash Smelting Slag to Solution Using L-Ascorbic Acid
Krzysztof Gargul, Arkadiusz Pawlik
This study explored the behavior of lead, copper, and iron during the leaching process of flash smelting slag from direct-to-blister copper flash smelting using l-ascorbic acid solutions. Flash smelting slag is generated in considerable quantities by various copper smelters worldwide. One drawback of the single-stage flash smelting technology for copper concentrates is the production of large quan
An Electrochemical and Leach Study of the Oxidative Dissolution of Chalcopyrite in Ammoniacal Solutions
Thandazile Moyo
Chalcopyrite is the most abundant copper sulphide and is notable for its stability, which complicates its hydrometallurgical treatment, particularly in atmospheric leaching. As ore grades decline and concentration cost rises, there is a pressing need to reassess hydrometallurgical methods, especially heap leaching, due to their economic and environmental advantages. Key processing strategies for c
Sustainable Process to Recover Metals from Waste PCBs Using Physical Pre-Treatment and Hydrometallurgical Techniques
Suruchi Kumari, Rekha Panda
Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) are an essential component of electronic devices. The digitalization and upgrading of gadgets generates a significant amount of PCB-containing electronic waste, necessitating efficient recycling methods to conserve resources and protect the environment. This paper presents a sustainable process for the recovery of metals from waste PCBs utilizing physical pre-treatmen
Hydrometallurgical Process and Kinetics of Leaching Manganese from Semi-Oxidized Manganese Ores with Sucrose
Yuhong Wang, Shenglong Jin
The extraction of manganese from a semi-oxidized manganese ore was investigated with sucrose as the reducing agent in dilute sulfuric acid medium. The kinetics of leaching manganese from the complex ore containing MnCO3 and MnO2 was also investigated. The effects of sucrose and sulfuric acid concentrations, leaching temperature and reaction time on the total Mn (TMn), MnO2 and MnCO3 leaching were