Microstructure
Browse 60 curated documents about microstructure in The Archive — the 2RA-Edition digital library for engineering and scientific research. This collection of books, journal articles, theses, reports, and technical documents on microstructure spans extractive metallurgy, mining engineering, chemistry, and applied science. Every document is searchable in full text; sign in to read, download, ask AI questions about any document, or generate cited research drafts with the AI Researcher.
Damage mechanism related to localization of plastic H.S. Ho M. Risbet X. Feaugas G. Moulin ( WeLib.org )
H.S. HO, M. RISBET
This paper focuses on the effect of grain size on the damage mechanism of Waspaloy TM related to the localization of plastic deformation by fatigue. Such effect is examined from nano- to meso-scale by investigating the cyclic behavior of damaged specimens related to the irreversibility of plastic strain. The evolution of the average extrusion height as a function of number of cycles could be divid
Influence of Austempering Temperatures on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Austempered Ductile Cast Iron
Regita Bendikiene, Antanas Ciuplys
The influence of the austempering temperatures on the microstructure and mechanical properties of austempered ductile cast iron (ADI) was investigated. ADI is nodular graphite cast iron, which owing to higher strength and elongation, exceeds mechanical properties of conventional spheroidal graphite cast iron. Such a combination of properties is achieved by the heat treatment through austenitizatio
Effect of Tempering Time on the Microstructure and Properties of Martensitic Stainless Steel
Wei Jiang, Dong Wu
Martensitic stainless steels (MSSs) have been widely used in the manufacture of turbine blades, surgical instruments, and cutting tools because of their hardness and corrosion resistance. The MSSs are usually tempered at a temperature no higher than 250 ◦C after quenching to avoid the decline in the hardness, strength, and corrosion resistance of the steels. However, some short-time thermal shocks
Dilatometric and Microstructural Study of Martensite Tempering in 4% Mn Steel
Adam Grajcar, Mateusz Morawiec
This paper presents the results of martensite tempering resistance in 4% Mn steel. The material was quenched and tempered at 350 ◦C for 15, 30, and 60 min. The analysis of the quenching and tempering was carried out using dilatometric and microstructural approaches. The phase composition was assessed using X-ray diffraction. The M s temperature and tempering progress were simulated using JMatPro s
The Effect of Cryogenic Treatment and Tempering Duration on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Martensitic Stainless Steel 13Cr-2Ni-2Mo
Muhammad R. R. Fatih, Hou-Jen Chen
Martensitic stainless steel (MSS) is widely used in several parts of automobiles where high strength, hardness, and corrosion resistance are required. However, the metastability of retained austenite can transform into martensite under severe deformation, adversely affecting material properties. Cryogenic treatments (CTs) have been extensively employed in iron-based alloys for fastener application
Recent Progress of Low and Medium-Carbon Advanced Martensitic Steels
Koh-ichi Sugimoto
This article introduces the microstructural and mechanical properties of low and medium-carbon advanced martensitic steels (AMSs) subjected to heat-treatment, hot- and warm-working, and/or case-hardening processes. The AMSs developed for sheet and wire rod products have a tensile strength higher than 1.5 GPa, good cold-formability, superior toughness and fatigue strength, and delayed fracture stre
Comparison of Color Metallography and Electron Microscopy in Characterizing the Microstructure of H59 Brass Alloy
Shidan Yuan, Ye Ma
Color metallographic samples of H59 brass alloy have been prepared by aqua regia etching. In this paper, combined with XRD (X-ray diffraction), traditional metallographic analysis, FE-SEM (field emission scanning electron microscopy), and EBSD (electron backscattering diffraction), the effect of the color metallographic method on the microstructure characterization of the H59 brass alloy was analy
Enhanced Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of Mig Welded Al 7075 Alloy Under Longitudinal Vibrations
Teodor Machedon-Pisu, Mihai Machedon-Pisu
In many areas such as the automotive, aircraft, and building industries, the high-strength aluminum alloy Al 7075 is frequently used due to its appropriate properties as a lightweight structural material. However, due to modest weldability, it is challenging to obtain high-quality welds with suitable mechanical properties, as cracks are generated while welding. Moreover, in order to avoid post-wel
Comparative Analysis of Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of 7B52 Aluminum Alloy Laser-MIG Hybrid Welding and MIG Welding Joints
Yu Lu, Dafeng Wang
Laser-MIG hybrid welding and MIG welding were carried out on 7B52 aluminum alloy, and the microstructure and mechanical properties of the joints were compared and analyzed. The results show that the average grain sizes of laser-MIG hybrid welding, MIG welding, and the laser weld zone are 18.38 µm, 24.16 µm, and 15.96 µm, respectively. The width of the HAZ of the laser zone is lower than that of th
Effect of Ultrasonic Frequency Pulse Current on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ti6Al4V TIG Welded Joints
Wanghui Xu, Xiaoyu Cai
To enhance the performance of Ti6Al4V titanium alloy joints, ultrasonic frequency pulsed TIG welding was employed. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the joints were systematically investigated. Results show that the weld microstructure is predominantly composed of acicular α phase, lath α phase, and a minor amount of β phase. Compared with conventional TIG welding, the application of
Additive Manufacturing for Rapid Sand Casting: Mechanical and Microstructural Investigation of Aluminum Alloy Automotive Prototypes
Silvia Cecchel, Giovanna Cornacchia
The automotive industry is undergoing a rapid evolution to meet today’s challenges; therefore, continuous innovation and product development are needed. Validation tests on prototypes play a crucial role in moving new components into industrial production. There is also a pressing need for faster prototyping processes. In this context, rapid sand casting (RSC), based on additive manufacturing tech
Mechanical and Corrosion Properties of AA2024 Aluminum Alloy with Multimodal Gradient Structures
Zhenwei Xie, Liexing Zhou
Enhancing the strength and toughness of aluminum alloys using microstructure optimization remains a key challenge. In this study, an AA2024 aluminum alloy with a double-layer multi-gradient structure was fabricated using 50% constrained deformation and single-stage peak aging at 150 ◦C. Microstructural and compositional analysis was performed using SEM, XRD, and TEM to investigate grain structures
The Effect of Extrusion and Heat Treatment on the Microstructure and Tensile Properties of 2024 Aluminum Alloy
Qilun Li, Xiaobo Zhang
Hot extrusion forming is one of the best cost-effective processing methods to obtain high-strength aluminum alloys. In order to obtain high performance 2024 aluminum alloy for the aero and automobile industries, this research comprehensively uses heat treatment and reverse isothermal extrusion technology to prepare 2024 alloy. The effects of homogenization, extrusion and post-extrusion annealing t
Effect of the Annealing Treatment on the Microstructure and Corrosion Resistance of a Cu-Al-Ni Alloy
Carmen Mª Abreu, Iria Feijoo
The influence of annealing treatment on the microstructure and the corrosion behaviour of a complex bronze Al-Ni alloy was analysed. The microstructural characterization after thermic treatment shows that the retained β-phase disappears and the KII-phase undergoes a spheroidization process. Moreover, there is an augmentation of K-phase precipitates within the α-phase, particularly KIV and KV, whic
The Corrosion Properties of Bronze Alloys in NaCl Solutions
Zhiqiang Song, Ojiyed Tegus
Chloride ions play an important role in the corrosion of bronze through their active reactivity to copper alloys. The corrosion behavior of bronze alloys in NaCl solution was investigated by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and electrochemical tests, with a special emphasis on the corrosion resistance of the α and δ phases in Cu-20 wt%Sn bronze alloys. The exper
Microstructural Characteristics and Strengthening Mechanisms of Ferritic–Martensitic Dual-Phase Steels: A Review
Farzad Badkoobeh, Hossein Mostaan
Ferritic–martensitic dual-phase (DP) steels are prominent and advanced high-strength steels (AHSS) broadly employed in automotive industries. Hence, extensive study is conducted regarding the relationship between the microstructure and mechanical properties of DP steels due to the high importance of DP steels in these industries. In this respect, this paper was aimed at reviewing the microstructur
Metal Matrix Composites
Mihail Kolev
Metal matrix composites (MMCs) are engineered multiphase materials composed of a continuous metallic matrix that contains deliberately introduced reinforcing phases, aimed at enhancing various properties such as strength, stiffness, and wear resistance. The objective of this paper is to explore the characteristics, advantages, and applications of MMCs derived from different metal bases including a
Towards High-Strength Transparent Glass-Ceramics: Processing, Microstructure, and Applications
Ivan Veselov, Georgiy Shakhgildyan
Glass-ceramics are inorganic, non-metallic materials obtained by controlled crystallization of glasses through different processing routes; they contain at least one functional crystalline phase together with a residual glass, and the crystallized fraction may range from trace levels to nearly complete crystallization. Transparent glass-ceramics (TGCs) constitute the optically transparent subset o
Structural and Phase Transformations and Physical and Mechanical Properties of Cu-Al-Ni Shape Memory Alloys Subjected to Severe Plastic Deformation and Annealing
Alexey E. Svirid, Vladimir G. Pushin
Using the methods of electron microscopy and X-ray analysis in combination with measurements of the electrical resistance and magnetic susceptibility, the authors have obtained data on the peculiar features of pre-martensitic states and martensitic transformations, as well as subsequent decomposition, in the alloys with shape memory effect of Cu–14wt%Al–3wt%Ni and Cu–13.5wt%Al–3.5wt%Ni. For the fi
Design and Development of High-Strength and Ductile Ternary and Multicomponent Eutectoid Cu-Based Shape Memory Alloys: Problems and Perspectives
Vladimir G. Pushin, Nataliya N. Kuranova
An overview is presented on the structural and phase transformations and physical and mechanical properties of those multicomponent copper-based shape memory alloys which demonstrate attractive commercial potential due to their low cost, good shape memory characteristics, ease of fabrication, and excellent heat and electrical conductivity. However, their applications are very limited due to brittl
Cryogenic Treatment of Martensitic Steels: Microstructural Fundamentals and Implications for Mechanical Properties and Wear and Corrosion Performance
Peter Jurˇ ci, Ivo Dlouhý
Conventional heat treatment is not capable of converting a sufficient amount of retained austenite into martensite in high-carbon or high-carbon and high-alloyed iron alloys. Cryogenic treatment induces the following alterations in the microstructures: (i) a considerable reduction in the retained austenite amount, (ii) formation of refined martensite coupled with an increased number of lattice def
Influence of Heat Treatment Parameters of Austempered Ductile Iron on the Microstructure, Corrosion and Tribological Properties
Halina Krawiec, Janusz Lelito
The influence of heat treatment parameters such as the annealing time and austempering temperature on the microstructure, tribological properties and corrosion resistance of ductile iron have been investigated. It has been revealed that the scratch depth of cast iron samples increases with the extension of the isothermal annealing time (from 30 to 120 min) and the austempering temperature (from 28
Duplex Stainless Steels—Alloys for the 21st Century
Roger Francis, Glenn Byrne
Duplex stainless steels were first manufactured early in the 20th century, but it was the introduction in the 1970s of the argon-oxygen decarburisation (AOD) steel making process and the addition of nitrogen to these steels, that made the alloys stronger, more weldable and more corrosion resistant. Today, duplex stainless steels can be categorised into four main groups, i.e., "lean", "standard", "s
Coherent Precipitation and Strengthening in Compositionally Complex Alloys: A Review
Qing Wang, Zhen Li
High-performance conventional engineering materials (including Al alloys, Mg alloys, Cu alloys, stainless steels, Ni superalloys, etc.) and newly-developed high entropy alloys are all compositionally-complex alloys (CCAs). In these CCA systems, the second-phase particles are generally precipitated in their solid-solution matrix, in which the precipitates are diverse and can result in different str
State-of-the-Art Review of the Simulation of Dynamic Recrystallization
Xin Liu, Jiachen Zhu
The evolution of microstructures during the hot working of metallic materials determines their workability and properties. Recrystallization is an important softening mechanism in material forming that has been extensively researched in recent decades. This paper comprehensively reviews the basic methods and their applications in numerical simulations of dynamic recrystallization (DRX). The advant
Advancements in EBSD Techniques: A Comprehensive Review on Characterization of Composites and Metals, Sample Preparation, and Operational Parameters
Srinivas Doddapaneni, Sathish Kumar
This comprehensive review focuses on the most recent advances in electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) methods in the context of materials science and includes a thorough evaluation of the sample preparation procedures unique to EBSD as well as a complete examination of the important operational parameters inherent in EBSD setups. This review highlights the importance of customizing EBSD paramet
Reproducible Quantification of the Microstructure of Complex Quenched and Quenched and Tempered Steels Using Modern Methods of Machine Learning
Björn-Ivo Bachmann, Martin Müller
Current conventional methods of evaluating microstructures are characterized by a high degree of subjectivity and a lack of reproducibility. Modern machine learning (ML) approaches have already shown great potential in overcoming these challenges. Once trained with representative data in combination with objective ground truth, the ML model is able to perform a task properly in a reproducible and
Cellular Automata and Phase-Field Modeling of Microstructure Evolution in Metal Additive Manufacturing: Recent Advances, Hybrid Frameworks, and Pathways to Predictive Control
Łukasz Łach
Metal additive manufacturing (AM) generates complex microstructures through extreme thermal gradients and rapid solidification, critically influencing mechanical performance and industrial qualification. This review synthesizes recent advances in cellular automata (CA) and phase-field (PF) modeling to predict grain-scale microstructure evolution during AM. CA methods provide computational efficien
Simulation of Microstructure Evolution in Mg Alloys by Phase-Field Methods: A Review
Yongbiao Wang, Yang Zhang
Microstructure is one of the vital factors that determine the mechanical properties of magnesium (Mg) alloys. However, traditional microstructure characterization methods hardly satisfy the needs of tracking the morphological evolution of Mg alloys. With the rapid development of computer simulation, using the phase-field method to simulate the evolution of microstructures in Mg alloys has become t
Microwave Rapid Sintering of Al-Metal Matrix Composites: A Review on the Effect of Reinforcements, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties
Penchal Reddy Matli, Rana Abdul Shakoor
Aluminum metal matrix composites (AMMCs) are light-weight materials having wide-spread use in the automobile and aerospace industries due to their attractive physical and mechanical properties. The promising mechanical properties of AMMCs are ascribed to the size and distribution of the reinforcement, as well as to the grain size of the matrix. Microwave rapid sintering involves internal heating o
Monitoring, Modeling, and Statistical Analysis in Metal Additive Manufacturing: A Review
Grant A. Johnson, Matthew M. Dolde
Despite the significant advances made involving the additive manufacturing (AM) of metals, including those related to both materials and processes, challenges remain in regard to the rapid qualification and insertion of such materials into applications. In general, understanding the process–microstructure–property interrelationships is essential. To successfully understand these interrelationships
A Review on Wire-Fed Directed Energy Deposition Based Metal Additive Manufacturing
Tugrul Özel, Hamed Shokri
Metal additive manufacturing has reached a level where products and components can be directly fabricated for applications requiring small batches and customized designs, from tiny body implants to long pedestrian bridges over rivers. Wire-fed directed energy deposition based additive manufacturing enables fabricating large parts in a cost-effective way. However, achieving reliable mechanical prop
Asymmetric (Hot, Warm, Cold, Cryo) Rolling of Light Alloys: A Review
Denis Pustovoytov, Alexander Pesin
Asymmetric sheet rolling is a process used when there are differences in any technological parameters in the horizontal plane across the width of the deformation zone or in the vertical plane between the top and bottom surfaces of the deformation zone. Asymmetry can either have random causes, or it can be created purposefully to reduce rolling force, improve sheet flatness, minimize the ski effect
Elaboration of Metallic Materials by SPS: Processing, Microstructures, Properties, and Shaping
Jean-Philippe Monchoux, Alain Couret
After a few decades of increasing interest, spark plasma sintering (SPS) has now become a mature powder metallurgy technique, which allows assessing its performances toward fabricating enhanced materials. Here, the case of metals and alloys will be presented. The main advantage of SPS lies in its rapid heating capability enabled by the application of high intensity electric currents to a metallic
Compound Casting of Aluminum with Sheet Steel in 3D Sand Casting Using an Inductive Heating System
Christopher Locke, Martin Guggemos
Compound casting is a process in which a single component is made from two metallic materials, such as aluminum and steel. Solid-liquid bimetallic compounds can be produced by suitable process control. This technology can reduce the number of joining processes, and the specific properties of the respective metal component can be used for specifically designed product properties, for example, where
Corrosion and Corrosion Protection of Additively Manufactured Aluminium Alloys—A Critical Review
Reynier I. Revilla, Donovan Verkens
Metal additive manufacturing (MAM), also known as metal 3D printing, is a rapidly growing industry based on the fabrication of complex metal parts with improved functionalities. During MAM, metal parts are produced in a layer by layer fashion using 3D computer-aided design models. The advantages of using this technology include the reduction of materials waste, high efficiency for small production
Optimization of PWHT of Simulated HAZ Subzones
Gorazd Lojen, Tomaž Vuherer
Appropriate post weld heat treatment (PWHT) is usually obligatory when creep resistant steels are welded for thermal power plant components that operate at elevated temperatures for 30-40 years. The influence of different PWHTs on the microstructure, hardness, and impact toughness of simulated heat affected zone (HAZ) subzones was studied. Thereby, coarse grained HAZ, two different fine grained HA
Effect of Post Weld Heat Treatment on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of a Submerged-Arc-Welded 304 Stainless Steel
Tae-Hoon Nam, Eunsol An
The present study is to investigate the effect of post heat treatment on the microstructures and mechanical properties of a submerged-arc-welded 304 stainless steel. The base material consisted of austenite and long strips of delta-ferrite surrounded by Cr-carbide, and the welds consisted of delta ferrite and austenite matrix. For the heat treatment at 850◦C or lower, Cr-carbides were precipitated
Post-Weld Heat Treatment of S690QL1 Steel Welded Joints: Influence on Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Residual Stress
Damir Tomerlin, Dejan Mari´ c
During the manufacturing of welded structures, residual stresses are often present, and one common approach to mitigate these stresses is through Post-Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT). This study focuses on the PWHT of S690QL1 High Strength Steel (HSS), which, due to its production through a Quenching and Tempering (QT) process, presents challenges for effective heat treatment without compromising its m
Micro-Alloying Effects on Microstructure and Weldability of High-Strength Low-Alloy Steel: A Review
Jian Chen, Zhongran Shi
High-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steels have garnered significant attention owing to their widespread applications across various industries, with weldability being a particularly critical aspect. However, the impact toughness of the coarse-grained heat-affected zone (CGHAZ) remains a notable challenge under high-heat-input welding conditions. Despite existing research acknowledging the beneficial e
Review on the Solid-State Welding of Steels: Diffusion Bonding and Friction Stir Welding Processes
Mahmoud Khedr, Atef Hamada
Solid-state welding (SSW) is a relatively new technique, and ongoing research is being performed to fulfill new design demands, deal with contemporary material advancements, and overcome welding defects associated with traditional welding techniques. This work provides an in-depth examination of the advancements in the solid-state welding of steels through diffusion bonding (DB) and friction stir
Research on the Microstructure and Properties of a Flux-Cored Wire Gas-Shielded Welded Joint of A710 Low-Alloy High-Strength Steel
Xing Wang, Zhibin Yang
In this study, a 16 mm thick A710 low-alloy high-strength steel was welded by using flux-cored wire gas-shielded welding with an E81T1-Ni1M flux-cored wire. The microstructure characteristics and mechanical properties of the joints were systematically studied. The results showed that the joint was well formed without obvious welding defects. The center of the weld was mainly needle-like ferrite, t
Study of the Microstructure and Fracture Toughness of TC17 Titanium Alloy Linear Friction Welding Joint
Xiaohong Li, Jianchao He
In this paper, the fracture toughness of the thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ) and the weld zone (WZ) of the TC17 titanium alloy linear friction welding joint was studied. The relationship between microstructure and fracture toughness of the joint, as well as the morphologies of the joint microstructure and fracture were investigated. The results indicate that after heat treatment, there wa
Production and Properties of Electron-Beam-Welded Joints on Ti-TiB Titanium Alloys
Petro Loboda, Constantine Zvorykin
In this article, structural features of Ti-TiB and (α+β) Ti alloys in the initial state, in the weld and in the heat-affected zone of electron beam welds were investigated. The influences of welding parameters, such as influence of the electron beam velocity, preheating of the welded alloys and the subsequent annealing of the welded joint on its microstructure, and the mechanical strength and duct
Microstructure homogeneity control of GH4706 superalloy turbine disc prepared by integral hot forming
deyu zheng, lielong wang
Coarse mixed grains originating from strain-deficient regions during one-step integral hot forming compromise the properties of ultra-large GH4706 superalloy turbine disks. Different from conventional tuning methods centered on temperature and strain rate, this study proposes a homogeneity-oriented control strategy that incorporates an optimized pre-forging step, wherein die geometry is utilized a
Received: 2026.05.11
Grzegorz Ficak, Aneta Łukaszek-Sołek
This study presents an analysis of degradation mechanisms of a forging die used in the hot forging process of counterweight forgings. The investigated tool was made of hot-work X37CrMoV5-1 (1.2343) tool steel. The study was aimed at identifying the dominant degradation mechanisms of a hot forging die insert made of 1.2343 steel used under industrial conditions and correlating those mechanisms with
Synergistically enhanced alkali activated recycled mortar with 2026 Results
Hui Zhou, Huanan Liu
To address the issue of insufficient strength in alkali-activated recycled concrete powder (RCP) mortar at high replacement rates, this study proposes the use of K-carrageenan (K-C) and aluminum silicate fibers (ASF) to construct a polymer-fiber composite reinforcement system. Through mechanical property testing and microscopic characterization methods such as scanning electron microscopy-energy d
Influence of microstructure on stress corrosion cra 2026 Journal of Material
Xinya Yang, Leixin Qin
This study demonstrates that engineering microstructure is a decisive lever for stress corrosion cracking (SCC) resistance in a Ti-Al-V-Mo-Zr alloy exposed to concentrated hydrochloric acid, with a refined, uniformly distributed spheroidized phase yielding the best performance. Three variants were evaluated by slow-strain-rate tensile testing (SSRT): the as-extruded lamellar S1, the high-strength
Surface engineering by non-equilibrium plasma remelting processing for supreme stress corrosion cracking protection
Shiqi Ma, Toushiqul Islam
The degradation of stainless steels (SS) in corrosive environments severely limits their long-term service reliability. While numerous bulk and surface processing techniques have been employed to prevent stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in SS, their success in mitigating this form of corrosion has been limited. To address this situation, we need to resolve challenges that persist in retaining passi
Failure analysis of pit assisted stress corrosion cracking 2026 Engineering
Piyush Bhatt, Himanshu Pathak
Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) initiation in WE43 magnesium alloy exposed to simulated body fluid (SBF) at 37 °C was investigated using mechanism-based failure analysis. Microstructural characterisation, immersion corrosion testing, XPS, SEM/EDS, and surface crack analysis were combined to identify features associated with crack initiation. The alloy contained rare-earth-rich intermetallic partic
Distinct microstructural contributions to intergranu 2026 Journal of Alloys
Jingyun Fu, Guofu Xu
Aging-induced precipitation strongly affects the corrosion behavior of Al – Li alloys, yet intergranular corrosion (IGC) and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) may respond differently to changes in precipitation and grain-boundary microstructure. In this work, the precipitation behavior, grain-boundary microchemistry, electrochemical response, corrosion-induced hydrogen absorption, IGC susceptibility
Aged Bi supersaturated Sn 5Bi 3In alloy for strengthening cor 2026 Material
Yu-An Shen, Jia-Xiang Gao
Low-melting Sn – Bi alloys are attractive for metallic joining but suffer from Bi precipitation – induced micro-galvanic corrosion. This study investigates a Sn – 5Bi – 3In alloy (SBI53) to clarify the role of minor In addition in controlling microstructural evolution, mechanical properties, corrosion behavior, and soldering performance, using Sn – 5Bi (SB5) as a reference. After aging at 150 °C,
Critical Review of Comparative Study of Selective Laser Melting and Investment Casting for Thin-Walled Parts
Naol Dessalegn Dejene, Hirpa G. Lemu
Thin-walled structures are a significant and growing portion of engineering construction, with a wide range of applications, including storage vessels, industrial buildings, warehouses, aircraft, automobiles, bridges, ships, and oil rigs. Thin-walled components with minimum thickness without compromising strength and other quality characteristics are the desire of modern industry. Reducing wall thi
High-Pressure Die Casting: A Review of Progress from the EPSRC Future LiME Hub
Ewan Lordan, Yijie Zhang
This article provides an overview of high-pressure die casting (HPDC)-related research undertaken at the EPSRC Future LiME Hub between 2015–2022. The project aimed to identify the cause of variability in the tensile ductility of die-cast structures and to develop novel processing techniques to address this issue. Variability in tensile ductility was related to the size of large pores and non-metal
In Situ Neutron and Synchrotron X-Ray Analysis of Structural Evolution on Plastically Deformed Metals During Annealing
Xiaojing Liu, Zheng Lei
This review highlights the significance of modern quantum-beam techniques, particularly neutron and synchrotron radiation sources, for advanced microstructural characterization of metallic systems. Following a brief introduction to neutron and synchrotron diffraction, selected studies demonstrate their application in probing thermally induced structural evolution in plastically deformed metals. Ad
Photonics 2025, 12, 207
Oleksandr Kapustynskyi, Nikolaj Višniakov
This paper focuses on the microstructural characteristics of non-alloy structural steels with carbon contents below 0.3% (further—Low-Carbon Steel—LCS), as well as the possible structural transformations and the resultant mechanical properties attainable through conventional heat treatment or alternative surface treatment methods. The principal microstructural constituents that govern the properti
Materials 2025, 18, 2207
Željko Stojanović, Bojan Gligorijević
Despite the surge in plasma nitriding research, few reviews thoroughly examine how surface decarburization—occurring both before and during the treatment—affects AISI 4140 and similar steel grades. This review addresses that shortfall by providing an investigation into the decarburization process and its consequences. It compiles essential findings from prior studies, demonstrating instances of de
Correlation between Microstructural Alteration, Mechanical Properties and Manufacturability after Cryogenic Treatment: A Review
Abbas Razavykia, Cristiana Delprete
Cryogenic treatment is a supplemental structural and mechanical properties refinement process to conventional heat treatment processes, quenching, and tempering. Cryogenic treatment encourages the improvement of material properties and durability by means of microstructural alteration comprising phase transfer, particle size, and distribution. These effects are almost permanent and irreversible; f
Microsoft Word - metals-1234884 - fc done
Manuel de J. Barrena‐Rodríguez, Francisco A. Acosta‐González
This review presents an analysis and discussion about heat transfer phenomena during quenching solid steel from high temperatures. It is shown a description of the boiling curve and the most used methods to characterize heat transfer when using liquid quenchants. The present work points out and criticizes important aspects that are frequently poorly attended in the technical literature about deter
Influence of the rolling method on the microstructure and mechanical properties of a five-layer composite material made of FeMn2Si–FeCr18Ni10 steels
V. E. Veselova, I. S. Kamantsev
We study the effect of asymmetric rolling (AR) on the evolution of the microstructure and mechanical properties of a five-layer composite metal consisting of the layers of FeMn2Si steel and FeCr18Ni10 austenitic steel. The comparison of asymmetric and symmetric rolling is carried out for a stress ratio equal to 1.16. It is shown that asymmetric rolling promotes a more uniform distribution of strai