Microstructure

Synergistic Regulation of Microstructure and Mechanical Property in TiAl Alloys via Rolling and Cyclic Heat Treatment

Shiwei Tian, Zhiqian Liao

The presence of the brittle β/B2 phase in TiAl alloys often deteriorates their mechanical properties, posing a significant challenge for manufacturing large-sized, high-performance sheets. To address this issue, this study systematically investigates the synergistic effect of pack rolling and subsequent heat treatment on the microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of a Ti-44Al-4Nb-1.5Mo

Laser‑Induced Microstructural Refinement and Oxidation Performance in Al–Ce and Al–Ce–Cr Alloys

Gustavo Paiva Roseiro, Danusa Araújo de Moura

Laser surface remelting (LSR) has emerged as an effective strategy to refine microstructures and enhance surface properties of aluminum alloys. However, its application remains limited to Al–Ce-based systems, particularly regarding microstructural coarsening evolution within the melt pool and oxidation behavior at elevated temperatures. In this context, this study investigates the influence of the

In Situ Synthesized NbC-Reinforced Laser Clad Composite Coating on 17-4PH Stainless Steel: Microstructure Evolution and Wear Resistance Enhancement

Chujie Qiao, Tianyu Wang

This study presents a novel in situ reinforcement strategy for 17-4PH stainless steel by using Nb and Cr3C2 powders as precursors, addressing the challenge of poor particle dispersion and interfacial bonding in conventional ex situ ceramic additions. The coatings were systematically compared with 17-4PH coatings without the addition of a reinforcing phase. The results show that the coating without

Microstructural Evolution in the Stir Zone of a Friction-Stir-Processed Microalloyed Al-Mn-Cu Alloy

Franc Zupaniˇ c, Pamela Marcela Pineda Dominguez

The study investigates the microstructure evolution in the stir zone produced by the friction stir processing (FSP) of a heat-treated microalloyed Al-Mn-Cu alloy in the area subjected to the highest temperature, strain, and strain rate. The samples were studied using electron microscopy and atom probe tomography (APT) to obtain structural and chemical information from the macro to the nano scale.

Effects of SEM Distortions on EBSD Grain Size Measurements

D. M. Timberlake, E. J. Payton

Systematic discrepancies persist between results from grain size measurement standards, such as ASTM E 112 and ASTM E 2627, when different imaging techniques and analysis methods are used. The source of these discrepancies may be differences in imaging physics, resolution limits, grain boundary definitions, post-processing practices, or combinations thereof. Geometric distortions and drift effects

Production and Characterization of Al Alloys Obtained Through Molten Metal Deposition

Cinzia Menapace, Jonas Galle

Two aluminum alloys (4043 and 6061) were fabricated using the innovative Molten Metal Deposition (MMD) technique. Three types of samples were produced by varying selected deposition parameters. The quality of the resulting components was assessed in terms of defects, density, and microstructure. In the 4043 alloy, the microstructure consists of α-Al dendrites surrounded by an Al–Si eutectic phase.

Microstructural, Hardness, and Abrasive Wear Properties of Functionally Graded Al/ZrB2 Composites Produced by In Situ Centrifugal Casting

Ibrahim Güney, Ömer Faruk Demirok

Functionally graded aluminum matrix composites are of interest for applications requiring region-dependent mechanical and tribological performance. In this study, the microstructure, hardness, and abrasive wear properties of functionally graded Al/ZrB2 composite materials produced by an in situ centrifugal casting method were investigated. The ZrB2 reinforcement phase was synthesized in situ withi

2026 Pabich Steel Titanium Multilayer Wires

Bartłomiej Pabich, Paulina Lisiecka-Graca

This study addresses the fundamental problem of representing the rheological properties of heterostructured materials composed of metals that differ significantly in their crystal structure, stacking fault energy, and related characteristics. The necessity of accounting for essential strengthening mechanisms is highlighted. The study is based on experimental results related to the fabrication of a

2026 Solanki Mg2Si Rich Al Heat Treatment

Keyur Solanki, Paul Lobpreis

Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) research on aluminum alloys has predominantly focused on commercial Al–Si–Mg systems with modest Mg2Si contents, leaving the heat-treatment response of Mg2Si-rich compositions largely unexplored. This study investigates, for the first time, the hardness response of an LPBF-tailored aluminum alloy containing 3.94 ma% Mg2Si—over twice the equilibrium solid-state solubi

Characterization of Defect Structure in Electrodeposited Nanocrystalline Ni Films

Tamás Kolonits, Péter Jenei

The microstructure of electrodeposited Ni films produced without and with organic additives (saccharin and formic acid) was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) line profile analysis and cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Whereas the general effect of these additives on the microstructure (elimination of columnar growth as well as grain refinement) was reproduced, the prono

SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS IN THE DESIGN OF MORPHING STATOR VANES

KASUN WICKRAMASINGHE

The thesis can be summarised as an exercise in linking the theoretical knowledge of Nickel Titanium Shape Memory Alloys to a practical space. Background work includes establishing a thorough understanding of the behaviour of Shape Memory Alloys, locating the opportunities for actuation available in gas turbine engines, and evaluating past studies that utilise SMA technologies in aerospace applicat

INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICAL METALLURGY

Rahul Ranjan Mohanta

This document serves as an introductory guide to physical metallurgy and material engineering aimed at B. Tech students in their fourth semester. The objective is to provide comprehensive insights into the classification of engineering materials, properties, and the principles governing their behavior under various conditions. The methodology incorporates theoretical concepts such as atomic bondin

EXECUTIVE B.TECH PROGRAMME

Avala Lava Kumar

The course on Physical Metallurgy aims to provide students with a comprehensive introduction to the fundamental principles governing the behavior and properties of metals. The objective is to equip students with a systematic understanding of crystal structures, phase diagrams, solidification, and various metallurgical processes. Through an organized methodology that encompasses both theoretical in

Course Notes:

G. Dieter

This lecture covers the principles of mechanical metallurgy focusing on the mechanisms of cold working and annealing in materials. The objective is to explain the effects of dislocation movements and how they influence the mechanical properties of metals. The methodology involves reviewing temperature effects on the stress-strain curve, discussing the role of dislocation climb in ductility enhance

EXECUTIVE B.TECH PROGRAMME

Avala Lava Kumar

This document provides a comprehensive overview of the course on Physical Metallurgy, aimed at equipping students with a systematic introduction to the subject. The objective is to facilitate a critical understanding of the roles that various structural concepts play in the properties of materials, focusing on crucial aspects such as crystal structures, solidification processes, and phase diagrams

INDIRA GANDHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Dr. Swarnalata Behera

INDIRA GANDHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Dr. Swarnalata Behera

This lecture note outlines the fundamentals of physical metallurgy, emphasizing the importance of crystalline structures, phase diagrams, and the mechanical properties of various steel alloys. The objective is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the principles governing the microstructure and performance of metallic materials. Employing a structured lesson plan, the methodology includes we

MME 201 : INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICAL METALLURGY

Avala Lava Kumar, Suneeti Purohit

The course on Physical Metallurgy aims to provide students with a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles governing metallic materials used in engineering applications. The objective of this module is to cover essential topics such as crystal structures, solidification processes, phase diagrams, and material transformations, which are pivotal for grasping the behavior of alloys u

MME 201 : INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICAL METALLURGY

Avala Lava Kumar, Suneeti Purohit

This document provides a comprehensive introduction to the field of Physical Metallurgy, specifically designed for B.Tech students in the 3rd semester. The objective is to familiarize students with essential concepts such as crystal structures, solidification processes, equilibrium phase diagrams, transformation diagrams, diffusion, and the characteristics of ferrous and non-ferrous materials. Met

INTRODUCTION TO PHY

Dr. Sisira Kanta Pattnaik

This lecture notes document provides a comprehensive overview of physical metallurgy and engineering, specifically aimed at students in their 4th semester of the Mechanical Engineering program. The objective is to facilitate understanding of the evolution of structures in metals and alloys from their liquid state, considering the influence of alloy elements, impurities, and processing techniques o

Introduction to Physical Metallurgy and

Prof. Pravata Ranjan Kaunr

This document serves as a comprehensive introduction to the field of physical metallurgy and engineering materials, highlighting the essential properties and classifications of various materials used in engineering. The primary objective is to equip students with foundational knowledge through detailed lecture notes covering multiple modules. The methodology involves systematic exploration of topi

DEVELOPMENT OF MULTI-COMPONENT IRON-BASED MORPHOUS ALLOY

PETER JAMES SQUIRE

This study focuses on the development of a new alloy system capable of forming metallic glass upon rapid solidification, rather than modifying existing glass-forming compositions. The objective is to examine the glass-forming ability of an iron-based system, leveraging the cost-effectiveness of iron compared to traditional base elements in metallic glasses. A ternary alloy system comprised of iron

DEVELOPMENT OF MULTI-COMPONENT IRON-BASED MORPHOUS ALLOY

PETER JAMES SQUIRE

This study focuses on developing a new alloy system capable of forming a metallic glass upon rapid solidification, diverging from traditional modifications of known glass forming compositions. Iron was selected as the base element due to its lower cost compared to other metallic glass bases, eliminating the need for expensive alloying elements for vitrification. The research began with a ternary s

Materials Science for Engineers

William Shockley, John Bardeen

This document explores the evolution of materials science, tracing its roots from prehistoric tool-making to modern advancements in nanoscience and technology. The objective is to provide a comprehensive overview of significant milestones in materials and their applications in various engineering fields. The methodology involves a chronological presentation of historical advancements alongside key

Materials Science for Engineers

unknown

This document provides an overview of materials science and its historical context, detailing significant milestones and advancements from the formation of the solar system to the development of modern nanotechnology. The primary objective is to illustrate the evolution of materials and their properties, focusing on key periods such as the Bronze Age, the invention of the transistor, and the adven

Physical Metallurgy

This document outlines the objectives and detailed contents of the PC4306 Physical Metallurgy course, which aims to teach students about the principles of alloy design, phase diagrams, and the strengthening mechanisms in various metals and alloys. The course content is structured into four modules, covering important topics such as phase changes in unary and binary systems, solidification mechanis

Physical Metallurgy

The course PC4306 in Physical Metallurgy is designed to impart knowledge on principles of alloy design, phase diagrams, and the various strengthening mechanisms applicable to different metals and alloys. The primary objective is to explore the fundamental aspects of heat treatment processes and their effects on properties and practical applications of materials. The methodology includes a detailed

Development and processing of Ti-Ni-based shape memory alloys using laser melting techniques

SHENG LI

This thesis focused on the development of Ti-Ni-based shape memory alloys (SMA) using a novel alloy development process based on laser melting technique, suspended droplet alloying (SDA), and on development of a manufacturing route for Ti-Ni-based structures using selective laser melting (SLM), specifically for negative Poisson’s ratio (NPR) auxetic structures. To assess the SDA process, a series

Data-driven metallurgical design for high strength low alloy (HSLA) steel

Wei Hu, Krishna Rajan

This thesis explores data-driven methodologies for metallurgical design aimed at enhancing the performance of high strength low alloy (HSLA) steels. The objective is to develop models that predict the mechanical properties of HSLA steel by utilizing multivariate data. The research employs techniques such as linear regression, artificial neural networks, and recursive partitioning to analyze input

Data-driven metallurgical design for high strength low alloy (HSLA) steel

Wei Hu

This thesis presents a data-driven approach to the design of high strength low alloy (HSLA) steel, focusing on metallurgical properties and modeling techniques. The objective is to enhance HSLA steel's performance by employing advanced data mining and modeling strategies. A comprehensive methodology is developed, incorporating linear regression models, artificial neural networks, and recursive par

Thermodynamic and kinetic modelling on the

Yanheng Xie

Advances in lightweight structural materials have intensified interest in magnesium alloys, particularly those strengthened by Zn, Ca, and Ag additions. This research presents a comprehensive study of the thermodynamic and kinetic behaviour of Mg-Zn-Ca and Mg-Zn-Ca-Ag alloys using an integrated CALPHAD-based modelling and experimental approach. The solidification process is analysed using an exten

Thermodynamic and kinetic modelling on the

Yanheng Xie

Advances in lightweight structural materials have intensified interest in magnesium alloys, particularly those strengthened by Zn, Ca, and Ag additions. This research presents a comprehensive study of the thermodynamic and kinetic behaviour of Mg-Zn-Ca and Mg-Zn-Ca-Ag alloys using an integrated CALPHAD-based modelling and experimental approach. The solidification process is analysed using an exten

Modeling Dissolution in Aluminum Alloys

Tracie Lee Durbin, Thomas Sanders, Jr.

This dissertation investigates the dissolution behavior in aluminum alloys, specifically focusing on the mechanisms that govern this phenomenon. The primary objective is to develop a comprehensive model that captures the dynamics of dissolution in these materials, thereby enhancing understanding and control over alloy performance. Methodologically, the study employs a combination of computational

Microstructure Development of Complex Phase Steels During

Luis Fernando Romano Acosta, Eric Palmiere

This thesis investigates the microstructure development of complex phase (CP) steels during thermomechanical processing (TMP). The objective is to enhance the understanding of the microstructural evolution in CP steels, which typically comprise a mix of ferrite, bainite, and martensite, under specific TMP conditions. Methodologically, the research incorporates advanced techniques such as Electron

Microstructure Development of Complex Phase Steels During

Luis Fernando Romano Acosta, Eric Palmiere

This thesis presents an in-depth investigation into the microstructure development of Complex Phase (CP) steels during thermomechanical processing (TMP). The objective of this research is to gain a better understanding of how different processing parameters affect the resulting microstructure in these advanced materials. Employing advanced characterization techniques such as Electron Backscatter D

Microsoft Word - Material Engineering Lab Manual

Department of Mechanical Engineering, SIET Nilokheri

This laboratory manual outlines a structured approach to exploring fundamental concepts in material engineering, particularly focusing on crystal structures and microstructural analysis of various alloy types. The main objective is to familiarize students with practical experiments that enhance their understanding of metallurgical principles. The methodology encompasses a series of experiments inc

Microsoft Word - Material Engineering Lab Manual

Department of Mechanical Engineering, SIET Nilokheri

This laboratory manual presents a comprehensive guide for conducting experiments in material engineering, focusing on the exploration of various crystal structures and their properties. The objective is to equip students with practical knowledge regarding metallurgical microscopes, specimen preparation, grain size estimation, and microstructural analysis of different steel and alloy specimens. Met

University of Southampton Research Repository

Zhihua ZHU

Application prospects in the automotive industry have led to increasing interests in the studies on Al-Mg-Cu-Si alloys. In this PhD thesis, nine Al-(1-3)Mg-(0-0.4)Cu-0.15Si-0.25Mn (in wt%) alloys with potential applications in both packaging and automotive industries have been investigated. The principal aim of the thesis is to elucidate the relation between processing and the final strength of th

Microsoft Word - Metallography Lab Manual

Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering

This laboratory manual serves as a comprehensive guide for B. Tech students in their second year, specifically during the third semester, detailing essential safety protocols and experimental procedures in physical metallurgy. The objective is to equip students with practical skills in metallographic techniques, enabling them to prepare and examine various metals and alloys under a microscope. The

MSE 311 (SET-2)

Dr.KallolMondal, Dr.VivekVerma

This manual provides a comprehensive guide to the Physical Metallurgy Lab, aimed at undergraduate students in Materials Science and Engineering. The objective is to facilitate hands-on experience in various metallurgical techniques and to understand the fundamentals of materials behavior under different conditions. The methodology includes a series of experiments focusing on key topics such as nuc

Engineering Project Laboratory Modules for an Introduction to Materials Course

Stacy Gleixner, Elliot Douglas

This paper presents a set of engineering project laboratory modules designed for an introductory materials course, aimed at enhancing student engagement and understanding of core concepts in materials science. The primary objective is to develop hands-on learning experiences that promote problem-solving skills and practical application of theoretical knowledge among undergraduate engineering stude

Engineering Project Laboratory Modules for an Introduction to Materials Course

Stacy Gleixner, Elliot Douglas

This paper discusses the development and implementation of engineering project laboratory modules aimed at enhancing the learning experience in an introductory materials course. The primary objective was to create engaging, hands-on projects that facilitate the understanding of fundamental materials science concepts. The methodology involved designing various lab modules that encourage problem-sol

Metallography & Material Testing Lab

Department of Industrial and Production Engineering

The Metallography and Material Testing Lab Manual serves as an essential guide for students in the Department of Industrial and Production Engineering at Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering. The manual aims to provide an understanding of material behavior under various external loads, including tension, torsion, and bending, while reinforcing theoretical concepts learned in the classroom.

Metallurgy, technical activities 1997

C.A. Handwerker, R.J. Schaefer

The research presents a prediction model for the variation in hardness across the surface of a standard reference material (SRM) 2812, specifically a Rockwell C scale test block. This model facilitates the calculation of certified hardness values at locations on the test surface that have not been previously measured, thereby reducing measurement uncertainty associated with block nonuniformity. Th

Metallography & Material Testing Lab

Department of Industrial and Production Engineering

This lab manual is designed for students in the Department of Industrial and Production Engineering at Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering, Mysuru, focusing on metallography and material testing. The objective of the lab is to provide students with hands-on experience in analyzing the mechanical properties of materials under various types of external loads, including tension, torsion, and

Microsoft Word - metallography.

LSU

Proper preparation of metallographic specimens is essential for accurately determining their microstructure and composition. This experiment aims to familiarize students with the step-by-step process involved in preparing metallographic specimens, which includes sectioning, mounting, grinding, polishing, etching, and microscopic examination. Each student is tasked with preparing and analyzing samp

Metallographic Specimen Preparation Basics

Donald C. Zipperian, Ph.D.

Metallography is a critical field that focuses on the study of materials' microstructures, serving as a key tool for both ensuring product reliability and analyzing material failures. This paper outlines the essential steps for proper metallographic specimen preparation, including documentation, sectioning and cutting, mounting, grinding, polishing, etching, microscopic analysis, and hardness test

MSE Labs

MSE Faculty

The document provides a comprehensive overview of the current laboratories included in the digitized portion of the Materials Science course curriculum. The objective is to present a structured and detailed outline of various laboratory activities that enhance the learning experience in the field of materials science. Methodologically, the content is organized into sections that cover different la

Metallurgy -- technical activities - 1988

E.N. Pugh, J.H. Smith

This report summarizes the FY1988 activities of the Metallurgy Division of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The research centers upon the structure-processing-properties relations of metals and alloys and on the methods of their measurement. The activities also include the generation and evaluation of critical materials data. Efforts comprise studies of metallurgical proc

Metallurgy -- technical activities - 1988

E.N. Pugh, J.H. Smith

This report summarizes the FY1988 activities of the Metallurgy Division of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The research centers upon the structure-processing-properties relations of metals and alloys and on the methods of their measurement. The activities also include the generation and evaluation of critical materials data. Efforts comprise studies of metallurgical proc

METALLOGRAPHY

MIT

This laboratory manual focuses on the metallographic examination of archaeological artifacts, providing a comprehensive guide for understanding metal structures through microscopic analysis. The objective is to educate students and professionals in the field of materials science and archaeology on the practical aspects of metallography and its applications in revealing the manufacturing processes,

Einsatz quantitativer Gefügeanalyse zur Bestimmung der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit von Kontaktwerkstoffen

Alexander Kauffmann

The Metallography Lab Course at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology aims to provide students with a comprehensive understanding of metallographic analyses essential for materials science and engineering. The objective of the course is to familiarize participants with various methods of analyzing the structure and microstructure of materials. A structured methodology is employed, which includes s

Microstructural, Biomechanical and Biocompatibility Studies of

Eyyüp Murat Karakurt, Dr Yan Huang

This thesis presents a study on microstructural, biomechanical, and in vitro studies of Ti-Nb-Zr alloys fabricated by powder metallurgy with the space holder technique. This work aims to fabricate Ti-xNb (x:10, 20, and 30; at.%), Ti-20Zr (at.%) and Ti-xNb-10Zr (x: 10, and 20; at.%) alloys with different porosities used as a load-bearing implant that can mimic bone structure. Microstructural analys

Microstructural, Biomechanical and Biocompatibility Studies of

Eyyüp Murat Karakurt, Yan Huang

This thesis presents a study on microstructural, biomechanical, and in vitro studies of Ti-Nb-Zr alloys fabricated by powder metallurgy with the space holder technique. This work aims to fabricate Ti-xNb (x:10, 20, and 30; at.%), Ti-20Zr (at.%) and Ti-xNb-10Zr (x: 10, and 20; at.%) alloys with different porosities used as a load-bearing implant that can mimic bone structure. Microstructural analys

UNIVERSITY OF THESSALY

Christos V. Chorinos, Helen Kamoutsi

This diploma thesis investigates the microscopic characteristics of H13 tool steel produced through selective laser melting (SLM), focusing on the impact of various processing parameters. The objective of the study is to determine how different SLM conditions, such as laser power, scanning speed, and layer thickness, affect the microstructure and mechanical properties of the material. The research

Examination of the excessive retained austenite on the surface of a section of 17-7 precipitation hardening stainless steel

G.E.Hicho, W.J.Boettinger

We have examined the failed or "mishap" section, and other selected sections made from 17-7 precipitation hardening stainless steel, and have concluded that the unusually large amount of retained austenite, greater than 7%, measured on the surface appears to have been produced during both the solution annealing and austenite conditioning steps of the heat treating process, but was revealed only af

Examination of the excessive retained austenite on the surface of a section of 17-7 precipitation hardening stainless steel

G.E. Hicho, W.J. Boettinger

This study examines a mishap section and other selected sections made from 17-7 precipitation hardening stainless steel, revealing an unusually large amount of retained austenite greater than 7%. The excessive retained austenite on the surface appears to have been produced during both the solution annealing and austenite conditioning steps of the heat treating process, although it was only reveale

Circular of the Bureau of Standards no. 42 2nd edition: metallographic testing

S. W. Stratton

In modern metals testing, understanding the underlying conditions that determine the properties of metals and alloys is essential. This document presents an overview of metallography, which involves examining the structure, constitution, and treatment of metals and alloys. The principal conditions influencing mechanical properties include melting and casting processes, mechanical working, thermal

Circular of the Bureau of Standards no. 42 2nd edition: metallographic testing

S. W. Stratton

In the modern testing of metals, determining their properties is insufficient without understanding the underlying conditions that influence these properties. This circular outlines the significance of metallography, which encompasses the study of the structure, constitution, and treatment of metals and alloys. It identifies critical factors affecting the mechanical and other common properties of

Metallography and Microstructure of Ancient and Historic Metals

David A. Scott

This work discusses the intricacies of metallography and the microstructure present in ancient and historic metals, aiming to elucidate the methods and findings associated with the study of such materials. The objective is to enhance the understanding and conservation of metallic artifacts of historical significance. Employing a range of metallographic techniques, the research analyzes various anc