Metallurgy
Browse 60 curated documents about metallurgy in The Archive — the 2RA-Edition digital library for engineering and scientific research. This collection of books, journal articles, theses, reports, and technical documents on metallurgy spans extractive metallurgy, mining engineering, chemistry, and applied science. Every document is searchable in full text; sign in to read, download, ask AI questions about any document, or generate cited research drafts with the AI Researcher.
Roasting developments: especially oxygenated roasting
K G Thomas, A P Cole
Roasting of refractory gold ores is a crucial commercial process utilized to treat various refractory gold ores and concentrates, aimed at altering the physical, chemical, and mineralogical properties of the ore constituents. This study examines the effectiveness of different roasting configurations, such as single- and two-stage fluid bed roasters, which process ores under varying conditions to o
OXYGEN ENRICHMENT OF FLUO-SOLIDS ROASTING AT ZINCOR
C. MacLagan, M. Cloete
This paper initially provides a brief overview of Zinc Corporation of South Africa Limited (Zincor), comparing original design parameters of the Zincor roasters to current operational practices and outlining requirements for efficient roasting. It addresses operational problems faced during the early to mid-1990s and describes an investigation aimed at improving overall roaster availability. The s
CLEAN AND EFFICIENT ROASTING SOLUTIONS WITH OUTOTEC’S CUTTING-EDGE TECHNOLOGY
A. Charitos, J. Hammerschmidt
A significant area of Outotec’s business involves fluidized bed roasting. With several decades of experience, more than 300 reference plants, and strong R&D capabilities, the company provides several industries with optimum processing solutions. Applications include oxidation and sulfation of sulfides found in copper, pyrite, and zinc concentrates. Gold production and de-arsenifying roasting are a
Volatilization of Rhenium from Molybdenite Concentrate by Oxidative Roasting
Guanghui Li, Rong Sun
This study investigates the volatilization of rhenium from molybdenite concentrate through oxidative roasting. The objective was to examine the transformation of rhenium and molybdenum compounds under roasting conditions. Methodology involved using 10% excess slaked lime over the stoichiometric requirement at a roasting temperature of 600 °C for 2 hours. The results indicate that molybdenum within
Sustainable Copper Production Based on Fluid-Bed Roasting Technology
M. Wrobel, J. Hammerschmidt
Fluid-bed technology plays a crucial role in the pyrometallurgical processing of various ores and concentrates. This paper discusses the extensive research and development by Metso Outotec over the past 50 years to broaden the applicability of fluid-bed technology in copper production. Specifically, it highlights processing routes that include partial, sulfate-producing, and dead roasting, with a
Roasting kinetics of high-arsenic copper concentrates: a review
I. Wilkomirsky, R. Parra
The roasting process of copper concentrates containing variable quantities of arsenic in a fluidized bed regime was analyzed, considering the technical literature published on the topic in the last quarter century. Although emphasis has been given to the analysis in the fluidized bed regime, other processes have also been considered, under a reducing, neutral or oxidizing atmosphere. The kinetic m
BEHAVIOR OF ARSENIC, ANTIMONY AND BISMUTH AT ROASTING TEMPERATURES
R. Padilla, M. C. Ruiz
Arsenic, antimony and bismuth are commonly found in copper concentrates usually as the minerals enargite, stibnite and bismuthinite, respectively. Concentrates having high levels of arsenic and antimony must be pretreated before smelting. Roasting is the preferred method for removing these toxic impurities from concentrates; However, the removal of As, Sb and Bi in oxidizing roasting by volatiliza
The Behavior of Arsenopyrite in the Process of Roasting
V.A. Luganov
The behavior of arsenopyrite under heating has been extensively studied, revealing that it dissociates into elemental arsenic at temperatures above 650 °C in the absence of air. In a vacuum, this dissociation begins at 550 °C, producing elemental arsenic alongside a residue of pyrrhotite and throilite. The presence of pyrite accelerates the dissociation process, enabling it to occur at lower tempe
Toward a Digital Twin for Metallurgical Bubbling Fluidized-Bed Roasters A Multiphysics Framework with a Thesis-Derived Start-Up Case
Roger Rumbu, Reggie-John Rumbu
Metallurgical bubbling fluidized-bed roasters couple dense gas–solid hydrodynamics, strongly exothermic sulfide oxidation, interphase heat and mass transfer, solids residence-time distributions, and gas-cleaning constraints. These interactions create a demanding application for digital-twin technology. This perspective proposes a digital-twin framework for such roasters. Zinc-sulfide roasting prov
Optimisation du rendement de récupération du Cobalt au circuit FAM, cas des usines de Luilu (KCC)
TSHITOLA BLESSING Jenovic, ZEKA MUJINGA, AUBIN TSHIBANDA
La présente étude a porté sur les procédés d’optimisation et de purification du cobalt par précipitation sélective aux usines hydrométallurgiques de Luilu. Il a été constaté une importante perte de cobalt due à la coprécipitation liée aux fluctuations des paramètres de travail, associée à la résistance de certaines impuretés ayant un domaine de précipitation supérieur aux valeurs fixées à l’usine.
Optimizing Creep Resistance in Wrought Superalloys: Effect of Small Variations in Ti and Al Content on c¢ and r-Phase Precipitation Kinetics
TIM STORCH, GUNTHER EGGELER
This study addresses the challenge of optimizing creep resistance in wrought superalloys, particularly focusing on how small variations in titanium (Ti) and aluminum (Al) content influence precipitation kinetics of c¢ and r-phase. Wrought CrCoNi-base C-264 superalloy is explored, exhibiting a relatively low c¢-phase volume percentage of 12.5 pct, making it susceptible to deformation yet suitable f
CHALCOPYRITE LEACHING IN ACID MEDIA: A REVIEW
Grozdanka D. Bogdanović, Sanja Petrović
In the modern practice of copper production, increasing attention is directed towards the treatment of low-percentage sulphide ores that conventional methods cannot process. Particularly, processes to obtain copper from complex sulphide concentrates, unsuitable for pyrometallurgical approaches, are under investigation. The extraction of copper from such raw materials is often achieved through leac
UNLOCKING VALUE IN COPPER ARSENIC SULPHIDE RESOURCES WITH THE COPPER–ARSENIC CESL TECHNOLOGY
Robert Bruce, Keith Mayhew
The growing demand for copper amid supply constraints necessitates innovative approaches to process challenging arsenic-rich deposits. This paper presents the collaborative efforts of Aurubis and Teck in developing the CESL Process, a technology aimed at economically and responsibly processing arsenic-bearing copper concentrates. Bench and pilot scale testing was conducted on four different concen
Leaching Practices at Mantos Blancos
G. Tapia, R.J. Kelley
Empresa Minera de Mantos Blancos S.A. operates two copper mines in Chile: Mantos Blancos and Mantoverde. This study aims to define the leach processes suitable for each ore type by conducting extensive metallurgical testwork during the feasibility study of both projects. The methodology involved the selection of a combination of heap and dump leaching for Mantoverde, while a modified vat leach ope
Leach Optimisation tests to increase the leaching efficiencies and recoveries of Copper and Cobalt from an oxide/sulphide concentrate
Seshree Krishna, Edgar Kapakyulu
This report presents the results of leach optimisation tests conducted by Mintek for Kamoto Operating Limited, aimed at improving the leaching efficiencies and recoveries of copper and cobalt from an oxide/sulphide concentrate. The objective was to address the low leaching efficiencies currently experienced by the plant, which adversely affects recovery rates of these valuable metals. Methodology
COPPER EXTRACTION BY ELECTROLEACHING OF METALLIC SULPHIDES FLOTATION CONCENTRATES
Luis Gonzaga S. Sobral, Vânia Mori
Copper occurs in the crust of the earth, predominantly, as sulphides. Among the copper sulphide minerals, the chalcopyrite is the most abundant and the most refractory to the conventional oxidative processes. This work aims at developing an electrolytic process for treating a copper sulphides flotation concentrate, more precisely chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) and bornite (Cu5FeS4) in the percentages of 70
Copper heap leaching at San Manuel
J.G. Jenkins
This paper discusses the development and operation of Magma Copper Company's heap leaching facility at San Manuel, which has been operational since May 1986. The objective of the study was to evaluate the feasibility and efficiency of copper extraction from the oxide ore body of the San Manuel deposit, particularly as it became available for development in the early 1980s. A comprehensive testing
Investigation of alumina formed by plasma electrolytic saturation
Seyad Mohammad Mousavi Khoie, Mohammad Falaki
The process of alumina coating on steel surfaces using plasma electrolytic methods aims to enhance corrosion resistance through the application of electrolytic aluminum-containing compounds. This study investigates the characteristics of coatings formed and their performance. Employing a systematic methodology, the results indicate the formation of a micron-sized coating with a distinct cauliflowe
INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICAL METALLURGY
Rahul Ranjan Mohanta
This document serves as an introductory guide to physical metallurgy and material engineering aimed at B. Tech students in their fourth semester. The objective is to provide comprehensive insights into the classification of engineering materials, properties, and the principles governing their behavior under various conditions. The methodology incorporates theoretical concepts such as atomic bondin
Course Notes:
G. Dieter
This lecture covers the principles of mechanical metallurgy focusing on the mechanisms of cold working and annealing in materials. The objective is to explain the effects of dislocation movements and how they influence the mechanical properties of metals. The methodology involves reviewing temperature effects on the stress-strain curve, discussing the role of dislocation climb in ductility enhance
EXECUTIVE B.TECH PROGRAMME
Avala Lava Kumar
This document provides a comprehensive overview of the course on Physical Metallurgy, aimed at equipping students with a systematic introduction to the subject. The objective is to facilitate a critical understanding of the roles that various structural concepts play in the properties of materials, focusing on crucial aspects such as crystal structures, solidification processes, and phase diagrams
INTRODUCTION TO PHY
Dr. Sisira Kanta Pattnaik
This lecture notes document provides a comprehensive overview of physical metallurgy and engineering, specifically aimed at students in their 4th semester of the Mechanical Engineering program. The objective is to facilitate understanding of the evolution of structures in metals and alloys from their liquid state, considering the influence of alloy elements, impurities, and processing techniques o
Materials Science for Engineers
William Shockley, John Bardeen
This document explores the evolution of materials science, tracing its roots from prehistoric tool-making to modern advancements in nanoscience and technology. The objective is to provide a comprehensive overview of significant milestones in materials and their applications in various engineering fields. The methodology involves a chronological presentation of historical advancements alongside key
Materials Science for Engineers
unknown
This document provides an overview of materials science and its historical context, detailing significant milestones and advancements from the formation of the solar system to the development of modern nanotechnology. The primary objective is to illustrate the evolution of materials and their properties, focusing on key periods such as the Bronze Age, the invention of the transistor, and the adven
Microsoft Word - Metallography Lab Manual
Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering
This laboratory manual serves as a comprehensive guide for B. Tech students in their second year, specifically during the third semester, detailing essential safety protocols and experimental procedures in physical metallurgy. The objective is to equip students with practical skills in metallographic techniques, enabling them to prepare and examine various metals and alloys under a microscope. The
Metallurgy, technical activities 1997
C.A. Handwerker, R.J. Schaefer
The research presents a prediction model for the variation in hardness across the surface of a standard reference material (SRM) 2812, specifically a Rockwell C scale test block. This model facilitates the calculation of certified hardness values at locations on the test surface that have not been previously measured, thereby reducing measurement uncertainty associated with block nonuniformity. Th
Metallurgy -- technical activities - 1988
E.N. Pugh, J.H. Smith
This report summarizes the FY1988 activities of the Metallurgy Division of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The research centers upon the structure-processing-properties relations of metals and alloys and on the methods of their measurement. The activities also include the generation and evaluation of critical materials data. Efforts comprise studies of metallurgical proc
Metallurgy -- technical activities - 1988
E.N. Pugh, J.H. Smith
This report summarizes the FY1988 activities of the Metallurgy Division of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The research centers upon the structure-processing-properties relations of metals and alloys and on the methods of their measurement. The activities also include the generation and evaluation of critical materials data. Efforts comprise studies of metallurgical proc
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Bandaru Dyva Isac Premkumar
This document provides an introduction to the Metallurgy and Material Science Lab, aiming to expose students to fundamental techniques employed in metallurgical practices. The primary objective is to help students determine the mechanical properties of materials under varying loading conditions and explore the microstructural attributes of alloys. A hands-on methodology is implemented, where stude
MUFFAKHAM JAH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Muffakham Jah College of Engineering and Technology
This document outlines the experiments conducted in the Metallography course for the academic year 2021-2022 at Muffakham Jah College of Engineering and Technology, specifically within the Mechanical Engineering Department. The objective is to provide mechanical engineering students with hands-on experience in metallographic studies of various materials, including low and medium carbon steel, grey
SUPERALLOY METALLURGY A GLEEBLE STUDY OF
Alan C Demmons
At temperatures above 0.5 Tm and in aggressive atmospheres predicting alloy performance is particularly challenging. Nickel alloys used in regimes where microstructure and properties are altered dynamically present unique requirements. Exposure may alter properties with unexpected early failure. The Gleeble is a valuable tool for investigation and simulation of thermo-mechanical properties of an a
Metallurgical evaluation of 17-4 PH stainless steel castings
George E. Hicho, John H. Smith
A metallurgical evaluation was conducted to determine if selected castings of 17-4PH stainless steel had been properly heat treated as required by SAE specification AMS-5355D. Optical metallographic analysis and hardness measurements were made on four samples of as-received castings and on selected samples that were homogenized, solution annealed and aged at various temperatures.
CFD-Derived Regression Model to Predict Surface Velocity for a Continuous-Casting Round Billet Mold
Guangchao Guo, Jiangshan Zhang
In the continuous casting process, the flow velocity of molten steel at the surface of the mold directly influences the melting of the flux, slag entrainment behavior, and the uniformity of heat transfer. Fast and accurate prediction of the magnitude and distribution of surface-flow velocity is crucial for defect suppression and ensuring continuous casting quality. In this study, a three-dimension
Precious metal recoveries in secondary copper smelting with high-alumina slags
Katri Avarmaa, Hugh O’Brien
Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) represents a significant urban resource for precious metals. To maximize the recoveries and sustainable use of these metals, their behavior needs to be characterized in the secondary copper smelting of WEEE. The current study experimentally determined the distributions of gold, silver, platinum and palladium between copper alloy and FeOx–SiO2–Al2O3/
Precious Metal Distributions Between Copper Matte and Slag at High in WEEE Reprocessing
Min Chen, Katri Avarmaa
The distributions of precious metals (gold, silver, platinum, and palladium) between copper matte and silica-saturated FeOx-SiO2/FeOx-SiO2-Al2O3/FeOx-SiO2-Al2O3-CaO slags were investigated at 1300 °C and PSO2 = 0.5 atm. The experiments were performed in silica crucibles under a flowing CO-CO2-SO2-Ar gas atmosphere. The concentrations of precious metals in matte and slag were analyzed using Electro
Primary Copper Smelter and Refinery as a Recycling Plant—A System Integrated Approach to Estimate Secondary Raw Material Tolerance "2279
Olof Forsén, Jari Aromaa
The primary production of sulfide concentrates includes smelting to copper matte or blister copper, conversion of matte to blister copper, and refining to copper. Smelting, converting, and fire-refining can use a limited amount of secondary materials. Molten copper can effectively dissolve many metals, from valuable noble metals to harmful impurities such as bismuth. However, some of the impurity
This is an electronic reprint of the original article.
Pekka Taskinen, Ari Jokilaakso
The effectivity of present copper smelting technologies have their roots in industrial and laboratory-scale experience accumulated over the past decades. Since the early 1960s, the tools for improving the processing conditions and smelting vessel design included scale modelling and manual computing of homogeneous multicomponent equilibria. The scale models were isothermal, room temperature constru
INGENIER´IA E INVESTIGACI ´ON VOL. 41 NO. 1, APRIL - 2021 (e84162)
Osvaldo Pavez, Pablo Herrera
Copper slag flotation was studied on an industrial scale at a concentrator plant in the region of Atacama, Chile. This study consisted of the physical, chemical, and mineralogical characterization of the copper slag, along with preliminary flotation tests. This article focuses on industrial flotation, which consisted of two one-year campaigns (2016 and 2017). The first campaign was carried out usi
Transient Simulation of Nitrogen Absorption and Redistribution During Pressurized Electroslag Remelting (PESR)
E. KARIMI-SIBAKI, M. ABDI
This study presents a multiphysics numerical model that simulates nitrogen alloying during the pressurized electroslag remelting (PESR) process for high-nitrogen stainless steel. The primary objective was to understand nitrogen absorption mechanisms and redistribution within the melt during ingot growth. By coupling magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow, heat transfer, solidification, and species transpo
Process Chain Sensitivities in Green Steel Production: T ramp Element Impacts on Casting and Reheating
Georg Gaiser, Robert Littringer
Surface defects are a critical indicator of semi-finished product quality, with the elements Cu and Sn exerting a significant influence through the phenomenon known as hot shortness. The present study quantifies the defect sensitivity caused by Cu and Sn for three different steel grades under continuous casting conditions using the In-situ Material Characterization by Bending (IMC-B) test. Buildin
Enhancing Ni–B Coatings on 42CrMo4 Steel: Effects of Magnetic Stirring and Ultrasonic Agitation on Microstructure and Corrosion Performance
SU¨MRAN BILGIN, SAMET TOPAL
This study explores the development of electroless nickel–boron (Ni–B) coatings on AISI4140 steel using sodium borohydride as a reducing agent, employing ultrasonic agitation and magnetic stirring. Electroless plating is preferred for its cost-effectiveness and ability to coat complex geometries. The Ni–B coated on 42CrMo4 steel was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron micro
Leaching analysis of copper and cobalt from sulfide ores in sulfuric acid- sodium chloride media
KASONGO Brest K, Mamookho E Makhatha
This dissertation explores the leaching processes of copper and cobalt from sulfide ores using sulfuric acid and sodium chloride media. The objective is to investigate the efficiency and kinetics of metal extraction in this specific chemical environment. A systematic methodology was adopted, incorporating experimental designs to assess the influence of various parameters such as temperature, acid
Application of Electric Smelting Furnace to Ironmaking
Shabnam Sabah, Ujwal Kudaru
The blast furnace (BF) has been the predominant technology for producing molten iron since its invention and widespread adoption. Challenges of decarbonisation and production of direct reduced iron (DRI) from low-grade iron ore have raised the potential for incorporating electric smelting furnaces (ESFs) into the direct reduced iron-basic oxygen furnace (DRI-BOF) pathway to produce molten iron. Th
Electric Arc Metallothermic Smelting of FeCr Using FeAlSiCa as a Reductant
Yerbolat Makhambetov, Zhadiger Sadyk
This study investigates the use of the complex reductant FeAlSiCa as an alternative to the conventional FeSiCr in the EAF smelting of FeCr. The smelting process using FeAlSiCa is characterized by a stable furnace operation, active discharge of metal and slag, and effective phase separation. It was found that a 20% excess of FeAlSiCa over the stoichiometric requirement leads to a sharp increase in
Resource-Efficient Smelting Technology for FeCrMnSi Ferroalloy Production from Technogenic Wastes in an Ore-Thermal Furnace
Yerbolat Makhambetov, Armat Zhakan
The article presents the results of a study on the production of a complex chromium–manganese–silicon-containing ferroalloy in a large-scale laboratory ore-thermal furnace using man-made waste—chromium-containing aspiration dust obtained during smelting of high-carbon ferrochrome, fines (−5 mm) of iron–manganese ore currently stored in landfills, and finely dispersed coal sludge formed during enri
Electric Arc Furnace: Methods to Decrease Energy Consumption
Alberto N. Conejo
The electric arc furnace (EAF) has become a crucial technology in steelmaking, significantly influencing energy consumption patterns in the industry. This study aims to explore and present various methods for reducing energy usage in EAF operations, focusing on technological innovations and best practices. A comprehensive review of the existing literature and a meta-analysis of operational data we
Valuable Recovery Technology and Resource Utilization of Chromium-Containing Metallurgical Dust and Slag: A Review
Ju Xu, Mengke Liu
As a type of metallurgical solid waste with a significant output, chromium-containing metallurgical dust and slag are gaining increasing attention. They mainly include stainless steel dust, stainless steel slag, ferrochrome dust, and ferrochrome slag, which contain significant amounts of valuable elements, such as chromium, iron, and zinc, as well as large amounts of toxic substances, such as hexa
Utilization of Renewable Carbon in Electric Arc Furnace-Based Steel Production: Comparative Evaluation of Properties of Conventional and Non-Conventional Carbon-Bearing Sources
Lina Kieush, Johannes Schenk
Conventional (anthracite, calcined petroleum coke, and coke) and non-conventional (biochar, and biocokes (3 wt.% torrefied wood, and 3 wt.% petroleum coke + 3 wt.% charcoal)) carbon-bearing sources have been studied for their use in electric arc furnace (EAF)-based steel production. Commonly, for the use of carbon sources in EAFs, one of the important properties is the content of fixed carbon, the
Insights into the Valorization of Electric Arc Furnace Slags as Supplementary Cementitious Materials
Anton Andersson, Jenny Isaksson
The transition to hydrogen-based reduction processes within the iron and steelmaking industry will generate new types of slag compositions that require valorization routes. Using slags as supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) addresses the carbon dioxide emissions of the cement industry since the SCM requires neither calcination nor clinkering. Conventionally, ironmaking slags from the blast
The Behavior of Direct Reduced Iron in the Electric Arc Furnace Hotspot
Andreas Pfeiffer, Daniel Ernst
Hydrogen-based direct reduction is a promising technology for CO2 lean steelmaking. The electric arc furnace is the most relevant aggregate for processing direct reduced iron (DRI). As DRI is usually added into the arc, the behavior in this area is of great interest. A laboratory-scale hydrogen plasma smelting reduction (HPSR) reactor was used to analyze that under inert conditions. Four cases wer
Reaction Sequences in Flash Smelting and Converting Furnaces: An In-depth View
PEKKA TASKINEN, ARI JOKILAAKSO
Flash smelting and flash converting have established themselves as key technologies in the processing of copper and nickel sulfide ores, reflected in the high online availability, yield efficiency, and low energy requirements. This study addresses the operational intricacies linked to furnace design and maintenance, emphasizing the interconnectedness of suspension oxidation, fluxing, fluid dynamic
Design and Construction of a Laboratory-Scale Direct-Current Electric Arc Furnace for Metallurgical and High-Titanium Slag Smelting Studies
Botao Xue, Lingzhi Yang
A novel direct-current electric arc furnace (DC-EAF) was designed and constructed in this study for experimentally investigating high-titanium slag smelting, with an emphasis on addressing the issues of incomplete separation of metal and slag as well as poor insulation effects. The mechanical components (crucible, electrode, furnace lining, etc.) were designed and developed, and an embedded crucib
Recovery and Utilization of Metallurgical Solid Waste
Yingyi Zhang
At present, a lot of metallurgical solid wastes have not been timely and effectively recycled, resulting in serious problems of environmental pollution and waste of resources. This book aims to address this issue by providing a comprehensive overview of comprehensive utilization technologies for metallurgical solid waste, including slag dry granulation, steel slag cement production, slag wool tech
A Comprehensive Review of Secondary Carbon Bio-Carriers for Application in Metallurgical Processes: Utilization of Torrefied Biomass in Steel Production
Lina Kieush, Johannes Rieger
This review aims to show the significance of the use of secondary carbon bio-carriers for iron and steel production. The term ‘secondary carbon bio-carriers’ in this review paper refers to biomass, torrefied biomass, biochar, charcoal, or biocoke. The main focus is on torrefied biomass, which can act as a carbon source for partial or complete replacement of fossil fuel in various metallurgical pro
Metallurgical Coke Production with Biomass Additives: Study of Biocoke Properties for Blast Furnace and Submerged Arc Furnace Purposes
Oleg Bazaluk, Lina Kieush
Biocoke has the potential to reduce the fossil-based materials in metallurgical processes, along with mitigating anthropogenic CO2- and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Reducing those emissions is possible by using bio-based carbon, which is CO2-neutral, as a partial replacement of fossil carbon. In this paper, the effect of adding 5, 10, 15, 30, and 45 wt.% biomass pellets on the reactivity, the p
Replacing Fossil Carbon in the Production of Ferroalloys with a Focus on Bio-Based Carbon: A Review
Marcus Sommerfeld, Bernd Friedrich
The production of ferroalloys and alloys like ferronickel, ferrochromium, ferromanganese, silicomanganese, ferrosilicon and silicon is commonly carried out in submerged arc furnaces. Submerged arc furnaces are also used to upgrade ilmenite by producing pig iron and a titania-rich slag. Metal containing resources are smelted in this furnace type using fossil carbon as a reducing agent, which is res
Toward a Simplified Arc Impingement Model in a Direct-Current Electric Arc Furnace
Mohamad Al-Nasser, Abdellah Kharicha
A 2D axisymmetric two-phase model was developed to study the effect of arc impingement on the liquid metal inside an electric arc furnace. The objective was to understand the dynamics of the arc flow, along with the associated heat transfer and magnetohydrodynamics of both the arc and the liquid metal. The methodology involved a parametric study that considered three different parameters to predic
Usage of BOF Slag and Next Generation EAF Slag in the Cement Industry
Joachim Schneider, Christian Adam
Two research projects examine the application of slags from today’s and future steel production in the cement industry as reactive binder components. The completed project SlagCEM investigated the recovery of iron from basic oxygen furnace (BOF) slag while simultaneously producing a clinker-like mineral product with good cementitious properties. However, a reduction of BOF slag increases its visco
EXTRACTION OF NICKEL AND COBALT FROM LATERITIC ORES BY NITRIC ACID
Onur Saka
This thesis study is related to the extraction kinetics of nickel and cobalt from lateritic nickel ores from the Gördes/Manisa region of Turkey. The experimental studies involved the optimization of extraction conditions using nitric acid as the leaching agent. The research aimed to evaluate the efficiency of metal extraction and to establish the optimal conditions for the maximum recovery of nick
Leaching analysis of copper and cobalt from sulfide ores in sulfuric acid- sodium chloride media.
KASONGO Brest, Mamookho Elizabeth Makhatha
This dissertation investigates the leaching behavior of copper and cobalt from sulfide ores using a sulfuric acid-sodium chloride media. The objective of the study is to evaluate the efficiency of the leaching process and to identify the optimal conditions for the extraction of these metals. A comprehensive experimental methodology was employed, involving the preparation of sulfide ore samples, fo