Metallurgy
Browse 60 curated documents about metallurgy in The Archive — the 2RA-Edition digital library for engineering and scientific research. This collection of books, journal articles, theses, reports, and technical documents on metallurgy spans extractive metallurgy, mining engineering, chemistry, and applied science. Every document is searchable in full text; sign in to read, download, ask AI questions about any document, or generate cited research drafts with the AI Researcher.
ETUDE COMPARATIVE DES PERFORMANCES DU BROYEUR AUTOGENE AVANT ET APRES SA CONVERSION EN SEMI AUTOGENE « CAS DU CIRCUIT CM6 AU CONCENTRATEUR DE KAMOTO »
MUTATSHI KAMANDA Ken, John KASONGO WA KASONGO
Ce présent travail vise à évaluer les performances techniques, opérationnelles et économiques de la conversion du broyeur autogène en semi autogène, afin d’identifier ces impacts sur les performances du circuit CM6 au concentrateur de Kamoto. L'étude s'appuie sur des données d’exploitation du broyeur avant et après sa conversion, complétées par une analyse granulométrique, pour mesurer les amélior
Influence of refractory materials of casting molds on the properties of iron-containing alloys produced by aluminothermy
S.G.Zhilin, V.V.Predein
The metal formed as a result of a single-stage aluminothermic process of getting iron-containing melts can be utilized in foundry production and for establishing permanent joints in seamless rail welding. The high cost of carbon materials, which ensure the necessary refractoriness of casting molds in these processes, necessitates the search for alternatives. This study proposes the application of
A CASE STUDY ON THE OPERATION OF A FLOTTWEG TRICANTER® CENTRIFUGE FOR SOLVENT-EXTRACTION CRUD TREATMENT AT BWANA MKUBWA, NDOLA, ZAMBIA
Anthony Mukutuma, Nils Schwarz
Bwana Mkubwa is a copper cathode producer located in Ndola, Zambia, operating at a capacity of 50,000 tons per annum and owned by First Quantum Minerals. The solvent-extraction circuit of Bwana Mkubwa was initiated in 1997, with operations expanded in 2002 to include ore treatment from the Lonshi mine in the Democratic Republic of Congo. This adaptation resulted in an increase of solids in the fee
Reducing Treatment of Copper-smelting Slag: Thermodynamic Analysis of Impurities Behavior
Alexey Komkov, Rostislav Kamkin
A thermodynamic mathematical model was developed to analyze the behavior of lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and arsenic (As) during the reducing slag cleaning process in the Vanyukov furnace. This study aims to investigate how various factors, such as temperature, oxygen partial pressure, and phase ratios, influence the behavior of these impurities. Through the application of the model, significant findings
The Recycling of Heavy-metal-containing Wastes: Mass Balances and Economical Estimations
J. Antrekowitsch, S. Steinlechner
As environmental legislation has become stricter, the treatment of heavy-metal-containing residues has gained importance. This study aims to develop an economic process for the simultaneous recovery of multiple valuable metals from zinc-containing residues, ultimately targeting high-quality zinc production and a nearly zero waste process. Utilizing mass and energy balances, the research examines f
Advanced Process Modeling at the BCL Smelter: Improving Economic and Environmental Performance
Nagendra Tripathi, Edgar Peek
Since 1973, Bamangwato Concessions Limited (BCL) has operated a nickel-copper smelter in Selebi-Phikwe, Botswana, treating concentrates from local and custom feed mines. The objective of this study was to improve economic and environmental performance by identifying key economic drivers to maximize revenue at the BCL smelter. We collaborated with Xstrata Process Support (XPS), which developed adva
REFRACTORY GOLD ORE: CAUSES, PROCESSES, TESTING AND PLANTS
John R. Goode
The first part of this paper comprises a general discussion on refractory gold ores and their mineralogy. Processing methods now in use are reviewed and test procedures for the important methods are discussed. Factors determining the selection of a process are outlined. The paper includes a survey of production plants using pressure oxidation, roasting and biological oxidation to process refractor
CBMM – Stainless Steels with Niobium (Nb)
Caio Pisano
This document presents a comprehensive overview of stainless steels with a specific emphasis on the benefits of niobium. The objective is to educate stakeholders on the metallurgical concepts that define various stainless steel families, their corrosion resistance, and the novel contributions of niobium to enhance material performance. The methodology includes a detailed analysis of stainless stee
The Hydro-Metallurgy of Copper
M. Eissler
This work presents a comprehensive overview of the hydro-metallurgical treatment of cupriferous ores, detailing the processes adopted and the manufacture of copper vitriol. The objective is to provide an in-depth understanding of the methodologies employed in treating copper ores through hydro-metallurgy, which has gained popularity due to its effectiveness. The methodology involves examining the
Copper Production Technology
A.K. Biswas, W.G. Davenport
This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of copper production technology, examining the historical context and improvements in methodologies throughout the years. The objective is to outline various processes involved in copper extraction and refining, including exploration, mining techniques, comminution, separation, and various metallurgical processes such as pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurg
136665779 Mechanical Metallurgy pdf
George E. Dieter, Jr.
Mechanical metallurgy is a complex area of knowledge focusing on the behavior and response of metals to applied forces, which can vary significantly depending on perspective. This book aims to encompass the broad spectrum of mechanical metallurgy by carefully curating content that addresses various interests within the field, including mechanical properties, testing methodologies, and theoretical
516721605 UNIT 1 Alloys and Phase Diagrams
Engineering Materials, Metallurgy
This document discusses the history and classification of materials, focusing on alloys and phase diagrams, essential concepts in engineering materials and metallurgy. The objective is to provide a comprehensive overview of different types of materials, their properties, and their applications in various engineering fields such as mechanical, aerospace, and chemical engineering. The methodology in
458394693 extraction metallurgy c b perry 123s
Dr. C.B. Perry
This document provides a detailed overview of extraction metallurgy, focusing particularly on copper and gold extraction processes. The objective is to explore various methods employed in the extraction of metals from ores, highlighting both pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical approaches, and addressing environmental concerns associated with these methods. Methodologically, it discusses speci
440806398 Ironmaking and Steelmaking 1 pdf
Zushu Li, Claire Davis
The Special Issue on Ironmaking and Steelmaking focuses on recent advancements in the field, including innovative techniques and processes employed in metallurgy. The objective of this compilation is to disseminate current research findings and methodologies utilized in improving iron and steel production efficiency. Methodologically, articles in this issue leverage experimental studies, as well a
797195654 Advances in Ironmaking and Steelmaking Processes (1)
Pasquale Cavaliere
This special issue focuses on the latest advances in the fields of ironmaking and steelmaking processes, addressing the critical need for sustainable practices in the industry. The objective is to compile research findings that explore innovative technologies and methodologies that can reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve energy efficiency in these processes. Employing a combination of expe
ETUDE DE L'INFLUENCE DU MANGANESE DANS LE CIRCUIT D'EXTRACTION PAR SOL VANT DU CUIVR, : 'UCLE SX-EW
Sabrina NGANDU BANZE, Ir Mans KABWIK
Les solutions clarifiées doivent préférentiellement être purifiées et enrichies afin de favoriser une bonne précipitation des métaux. Cela dit, certains ions comme le manganèse pourraient entraîner des problèmes rencontrés à l'extraction du cuivre. Le présent document a pour but d'analyser un problème pratique lors d'une extraction par solvant, plus précisément : l'impact du manganèse dans le circ
Etude de la synergies de deux collecteurs sécondaires (AM810 et METCOL11) sur la performance de la flotation des minérais sulfurés cas de Kinsenda Copper Company
MAKINA KATOMA Marcel, ILUNGA MUTOMBO
Cette étude vise à analyser les synergies de deux collecteurs secondaires, AM810 et METCOL11, sur la performance de la flottation des minerais sulfurés dans le cas de Kinsenda Copper Company. L'objectif est d'évaluer l'impact de ces collecteurs sur le rendement métallurgique et la récupération des métaux précieux. Pour ce faire, des essais de flottation ont été réalisés en laboratoire, en variant
Improving Environmental Protection as a Result of Non-ferrous Metallurgy Industry Waste Recycling
Khojiev Sh.T.
This study examines the significant environmental challenges posed by the non-ferrous metallurgy industry, particularly focusing on the recycling of copper slag produced during pyrometallurgical processes. The objective is to evaluate the potential for improving environmental protection through effective waste management strategies. Methodologically, the research analyzes the composition of copper
The possibility of using copper smelting dust to neutralize sulfuric acid
Sokhibjon Turdalievich Matkarimov, A. A. Yusupkhodjayev
This study explores the potential of utilizing copper smelting dust as a neutralizing agent for sulfuric acid, thereby conserving the use of costly copper pellets for this purpose. The research investigates the phase, mineralogical, and chemical composition of the smelting dust, alongside the feasibility of processing it through hydrometallurgical methods. The study employs water and sulfuric acid
Exergy in Copper Converting and Its Relation to SO2 Emissions
Jose´ A. Pineda, Gabriel Plascencia
Extractive metallurgy of copper is characterized by being energy intensive and also for producing large amounts of fugitive emissions. Particularly, traditional copper converting generates toxic off-gases with up to 7 vol% of SO2. The mass and energy balances show that the amount of SO2 in the process gases may be decreased by improving the energy usage. Furthermore, an exergy analysis reveals the
METALLURGICAL PROCESS INFORMATION GOLD ORE PROCESS OPTIONS
DARRELL M. HLADUN
Barrick Gold Corporation has actively participated in the gold mining industry since 1983, operating various mines across North and South America. The objective of this document is to outline the metallurgical processes and technologies employed in gold ore extraction and processing. A comprehensive review of several processing methods, including acidic pressure oxidation, alkaline pressure oxidat
2026 Zhunusov The Influence of High Temperature Roasting on the Phase Composition of Pellets Based on Aluminum Slags and Their Te
Ablay Zhunusov, Renat Tyulyubayev
This paper examines a resource-saving technology for ferrosilicon smelting using industrial waste, specifically aluminum slag and aspiration dust from ferroalloy production. A technological approach is proposed based on the preliminary pelletization of finely dispersed aluminum slag to improve the physicochemical properties of the charge materials and ensure their efficient use in the metallurgica
2026 Lian AI Nonmetallic Inclusion Analysis Review
Gonghao Lian, Xiaoming Liu
The detection and characterization of non-metallic inclusions are essential for clean steel production. Recently, imaging analysis combined with high-dimensional data processing of metallic materials using artificial intelligence (AI)-based machine learning (ML) has developed rapidly. This technique has achieved impressive results in the field of inclusion classification in process metallurgy. The
2025 Hell 6000 Alloy Aging
Christoph M. Hell, Petter Lervik
In this work, we analyze the natural aging sensitivity of the Al–Mg–Si–(Cu)(6000) alloy family. We revisit old literature and show that the different aging behavior commonly observed in lean and dense alloys can be explained by the well-known theories of heterogeneous and homogeneous nucleation, here referred to as seeding and self-nucleation. We show that all alloys of the 6000 series can get the
2026 Sunbul MgAgNi Hydrogen Storage Alloy
Sefa Emre Sünbül, Kürşat İçil
This study investigates the impact of silver (Ag) substitution on the microstructure and hydrogen storage properties of an Mg1-xAgxNi-based alloy. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations as well as universal machine learning interatomic potentials are used to explore how Ag substitution leads to a decreased hydrogen desorption energy. Experimental analysis of arc-melted Mg1.95Ag0.05Ni ribbons
Comparative Technological Routes for Processing Chromo-Magnesian Ore Materials into Chemical and Metallurgical Products: A Systematic Review
Yerlan Zhumagaliyev, Yerbol Shabanov
Chromo-magnesian ore materials constitute a complex resource base for producing both metallurgical and chemical products, yet existing research remains fragmented across beneficiation, smelting, chemical extraction, waste valorization, and refractory applications. This systematic review, conducted according to PRISMA 2020 using Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection, and SpringerLink, evaluates pr
Gold Recovery Beyond Ores: Sources, Processes, Challenges, and Prospects
Jovana Djoki´ c, Stefan Nikoli´ c
Gold (Au) is a strategically critical metal whose technological relevance and increasing demand contrast with the long-term decline in primary ore grades. This review discusses gold recovery from primary ores providing the metallurgical and technological baseline for the comparative evaluation of unconventional Au-bearing resources. Emphasis is placed on electronic waste and copper anode slimes as
The Influence of High-Temperature Roasting on the Phase Composition of Pellets Based on Aluminum Slags and Their Testing in the Smelting of Ferrosilicon
Ablay Zhunusov, Renat Tyulyubayev
This paper examines a resource-saving technology for ferrosilicon smelting using industrial waste, specifically aluminum slag and aspiration dust from ferroalloy production. A technological approach is proposed based on the preliminary pelletization of finely dispersed aluminum slag to improve the physicochemical properties of the charge materials and ensure their efficient use in the metallurgica
Identification of Factors Causing Nitrid
Branislav Buľko, Jaroslav Demeter
Determination of factors and measuring their impact on the amount of nitrogen in the metal is key attribute when optimizing technological and operational measures tending to minimize, respectively prevent of the final steel nitridization. Knowing the rate of influence of individual factors on the nitrogen content in the metal is crucial in dealing with prediction of the quantity for the production
Digitalisation based optimization of ste
Slavomír HUBATKA, Branislav BUĽKO
The metallurgical sector is one of the main pillars of European industry. Steel is important not only for modern economies of developed countries but is an essential part of building infrastructure in developing countries, and thus in the coming decades, global demand for steel is expected to increase to meet growing social and economic needs. Currently, however, the steel industry is among the to
Increasing the 900 °C Hot Corrosion Resistance of M (Ni, Co) CrAlY Type Coatings Under Na2SO4 Deposits Through Systematically Altering Cr and Co Contents and Re‑evaluating Cr and Co Effects on Long‑Term Hot Corrosion Behavior
Sercan Soyöz, Cevat Sarıoğlu
This research was carried out to improve type-I hot corrosion resistance of MCrAlY-type coatings by modifying chromium (Cr) and cobalt (Co) contents under Na2SO4 salt film at 900 °C and re-evaluate the effects of Cr and Co elements on type-I hot corrosion. To evaluate hot corrosion performance, weight change versus time graphs were plotted by tracking changes in sample, total and spallation weight
Delayed Hydrogen‑Induced Cracking: Fundamentals and Real‑World Examples
Michael Pohl, Jens Jürgensen
Delayed hydrogen cracking represents a critical damage phenomenon in metallic materials, characterized by a temporal separation between hydrogen uptake and crack initiation. This time dependency often complicates failure analysis, as cracking may occur hours, days, or even years after manufacturing or commissioning. While hydrogen embrittlement has been extensively studied, the mechanisms governin
Percolation Leaching: The status globally and in Southern Africa
Amado Guzman, Jochen Petersen
This document presents a comprehensive overview of percolation leaching techniques and their status both globally and specifically in Southern Africa. The objective is to elucidate the advancements and practices in percolation leaching, highlighting various methodologies applied in heap leaching operations. The information gathered is based on both theoretical insights and practical experiences of
TRAITEMENT PAR VOIE HUMIDE D’UN REJET MIXTE A GANGUE TRES DOLOMITIQUE « CAS DES REJETS DE FLOTTATION DE RUASHI MINING/ PROJET MUSONOI »
BWAMBU BUPE Emmanuel, Jean-Marie KANDA
Ce travail présente une étude sur la lixiviation ammoniacale suivie d'une extraction par solvant des rejets fortement dolomitiques de Ruashi Mining. L'objectif principal était d'optimiser le processus d'extraction des éléments de valeur, comme le cuivre et le cobalt, présents dans les rejets, qui contiennent en moyenne 0,77 % Cu et 0,08 % Co. Les méthodologies employées impliquent des essais de li
From Oxide to Metal: A Kinetic Perspective on CuO Reduction by Hydrogen
D. M. Fellicia, M. I. Pownceby
This study investigates the reduction kinetics and mechanisms of copper oxide by hydrogen gas. A horizontal tube furnace was used for the reduction experiments at 500–1000 °C and 5–30 min reaction times. Material characterization was performed using X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were used to analyze the phase evolution, microstructure chan
Delayed Hydrogen‑Induced Cracking: Fundamentals and Real‑World Examples
Michael Pohl, Jens Jürgensen
Delayed hydrogen cracking represents a critical damage phenomenon in metallic materials, characterized by a temporal separation between hydrogen uptake and crack initiation. This time dependency often complicates failure analysis, as cracking may occur hours, days, or even years after manufacturing or commissioning. While hydrogen embrittlement has been extensively studied, the mechanisms governin
COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTS OF ULTRASONIC DEGASSING AND ROTARY DEGASSING PROCESSES ON THE LIQUID METAL CLEANLINESS AND TENSILE PROPERTIES OF ALUMINUM ALLOYS
C¸a g˘lar Yu¨ksel
Numerous studies have been published particularly focusing on the liquid metal quality so far; however, this study examines the efficiency of both rotary degassing and ultrasonic degassing processes in relation to mechanical properties by focusing on the metal quality before and after values. Degassing processes are primarily applied to reduce dissolved hydrogen and inclusion content in molten alu
Silicon Carbide Formation Enhanced by In-Situ-Formed Silicon Nitride: An Approach to Capture Thermal Energy of CO-Rich Off-Gas Combustion
S.P. DU PREEZ, J.P. BEUKES
Carbothermic smelting of ores to produce metals results in large volumes of CO-rich off-gas, which is typically flared, causing energy wastage. This study aimed to propose an alternative method for capturing thermal energy from CO-rich off-gas combustion in the form of silicon carbide (SiC) derived from waste materials like quartz and anthracite fines. The research involved investigating the effec
Mathematical Model of a Heating Furnace Implemented with Volumetric Fuel Combustion
Miroslav Rimar, Andrii Kulikov
Heating flame furnaces are the main type of furnaces used for heating and heat treatment of metal products in metallurgy and mechanical engineering. In the working chamber of a modern heating furnace, there should be neither high-temperature nor stagnation zones. One of the methods used to provide such combustion conditions is the application of distributed (volumetric) combustion. Owing to this m
026 Research Progress on Injection Technology in Converter Steelmaking Process
Ming Lv, Shuangping Chen
During the converter steelmaking process, gas-slag-metal three-phase emulsification is realized by injecting gas to complete metallurgical tasks such as slagging, dephosphorization, decarburization, and heating. As green and intelligent development of the steel industry progresses, converter steelmaking injection technology is also constantly innovating. In this review, the types and applications
Modeling and Simulation of Metallurgical Processes in Ironmaking and Steelmaking
Thomas Echterhof, Ko-Ichiro Ohno
The increasing urgency to meet the UN’s 2030 Sustainable Development Goals and the European Green Deal necessitates substantial advancements in the sustainability of industrial production, particularly in the steel industry. This study aims to explore the modeling and simulation of metallurgical processes to identify and optimize methods that enhance energy efficiency and reduce CO2 emissions duri
Evolution of Non-Metallic Inclusions in Secondary Steelmaking: Learning from Inclusion Size Distributions
Marie-Aline VAN ENDE, Muxing GUO
Non-metallic inclusions are a significant concern in steel production, affecting both the quality of the final product and processing efficiency. This study explores the evolution of inclusion size distributions in molten steel, emphasizing the need for controlling inclusions to enhance steel performance. The objective is to introduce a novel approach utilizing the Population Density Function (PDF
Activity of Iron Oxide in Steelmaking Slag
SOMNATH BASU, ASHOK KUMAR LAHIRI
This study focuses on the activity of iron oxide (FeO) in steelmaking slag, which is crucial for understanding the oxidation reactions that occur during steel refining. The objective is to experimentally measure the activity of FeO in these slags and to develop a correlation for estimating the concentration of FeO as a function of temperature and the slag's chemical composition. The methodology in
Advances in Understanding of the Application of Unit Operations in Metallurgy of Rare Earth Elements
Srecko Stopic, Bernd Friedrich
Unit operations (UO) are mostly used in non-ferrous extractive metallurgy (NFEM) and usually separated into three categories: hydrometallurgy, pyrometallurgy, and electrometallurgy. The high demand for critical metals, such as rare earth elements (REE), indium, scandium, and gallium raises the need for an advance in understanding of the UO in NFEM. The aimed metal is first transferred from ores an
Optimization and Kinetics of Chalcopyrite Leaching in the Presence of Hydrochloric and Nitric Acids, along with a Particle Shape-Based Evaluation
TUGBA DENIZ TOMBAL, ILGIN KURSUN
The extraction of copper (Cu) from chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) using hydrometallurgical methods has garnered increased attention globally, particularly utilizing hydrochloric (HCl) and nitric acids (HNO3) as key lixiviants. This study aims to determine optimal leaching conditions for chalcopyrite, finding that dissolution efficiencies (DEs) of 95% for HCl and 96% for HNO3 were achievable under optimal p
Recycling Potential of Copper-Bearing Waelz Slag via Oxidative Sulfuric Acid Leaching
Pavel Grudinsky, Ekaterina Vasileva
Copper-bearing Waelz slag (CBWS) is a solid by-product of the Waelz process, the disposal of which faces significant environmental challenges. In this study, oxidative sulfuric acid leaching was applied for the recovery of valuable elements from a CBWS sample containing 26.23% Fe, 0.82% Cu, and 0.81% Zn. Experimental leaching was conducted at temperature ranges, durations, and solid-to-liquid (S/L
Zinc Kiln Slag Recycling Based on Hydrochloric Acid Oxidative Leaching and Subsequent Metal Recovery
Pavel Grudinsky, Ekaterina Vasileva
The limited availability of high-quality ore deposits and the environmental hazards of metallurgical wastes highlight the importance of developing resource-efficient metal recovery technologies. Zinc kiln slag (ZKS), also known as Waelz slag, a by-product material enriched in non-ferrous metals, was processed through oxidative HCl leaching with H2O2 as an oxidant. Thermodynamic simulation and labo
Bioleaching of Tetrahedrite by Iron‑ and Sulfur‑Oxidizing Bacteria
Daniel Kupka, Lenka Hagarová
This study describes the bioleaching of a flotation concentrate by acidophilic iron- and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria at ambient temperature in shake flasks. The concentrate was prepared from polymetallic Ag–Cu–Sb–siderite ores from Rožňava (Slovakia) and consisted of tetrahedrite and siderite, with small amounts of chalcopyrite, pyrite, and quartz. Biologically driven Cu and S extraction was signifi
Direct Pressure Alkaline Leaching of Scheelite Ores and Concentrates
Patrícia Leitão, Aurora Futuro
The average global recovery rates for processing scheelite ores by physical methods typically range from 50 to 70%, and achieving a minimum grade of 60% WO3 in concentrates poses significant challenges. This research aimed to explore direct hydrometallurgical processing as a viable economic alternative for low-grade concentrates and medium- to high-grade ores, thereby enhancing recovery rates whil
A Novel Approach by Image Analysis of Heat‑Treated and Leached Chalcopyrite: Part 1, Investigation of Passivation Layer Decomposition
Mikail Başyiğit, Elif Uzun
Hydrometallurgical copper production from chalcopyrite presents a significant challenge: the passive layer. This layer renders the dissolution behavior of chalcopyrite refractory, creating resistance to dissolution in acidic or alkaline media. To surmount this obstacle, various activation methods can be employed, with heat treatment being one of the most prominent for eliminating the passive surfa
NdFeB Magnets Recycling via High‑Pressure Selective Leaching and the Impurities Behaviors
Zhiming Yan, Zushu Li
Global concerns about climate change are driving increased demand of electric vehicles for sustainable transportation and turbines in emerging energy solutions, where permanent magnets (PMs) and rare earth elements (REEs) play a critical role. However, global REEs recycling rates are only 3% and 8% for light and heavy REEs, respectively. This work proposes an effective approach to separate the REE
Alkali Fusion–Leaching Process for Non-Standard Copper Anode Slime (CAS)
Jovana Djoki´ c, Nataša Gaji´ c
Copper anode slime (CAS), obtained from non-standard anodes by pyro-hydrometallurgical electronic waste (e-waste) processing, contains high concentrations of lead, tin (as metas-tannic acid), and base (Cu, Fe, Zn), precious (Au, Ag), and technological metals (In, Ga, Ge), which limit the efficiency of conventional valorization methods. In this study, an integrated alkali fusion–leaching process wa
Utilization of Converter Slag from Nickel Production by Hydrometallurgical Method
Alexander G. Kasikov, Elena A. Shchelokova
The possibility of hydrometallurgical processing of converter slag from nickel production aimed at integrated use of mineral raw materials and environmental protection is shown. The scheme of hydrometallurgical processing of slag using hydrochloric acid is proposed. The method involves leaching the slag with hydrochloric acid in the presence of ferric ions. The high values of iron and nonferrous m
Translating Selective Lithium Leaching from LFP to Industrial Black Mass: Experimental Validation and Statistical Quantification
Daniel Reyes-Martinez, Ilias Lampropoulos
In lithium iron phosphate (LFP) battery recycling, lithium represents the principal element of economic value, making its selective recovery a key process objective. Selective leaching conditions are often optimized using idealized materials at laboratory scale; however, these conditions may not translate directly to industrial black masses, which contain copper, aluminum, graphite, and electrolyt
New technology to improve the recovery of fine particles in froth flotation based on using hydrophobized glass bubbles
S. Arriagada, C. Acuña
A new technology has been developed to improve the selective recovery of fine particles in the froth flotation process. The technology is based on using hydrophobized glass bubbles (HGB) as a carrier material for hydrophobic fine particles, which promotes selective particle agglomeration. A proof of concept was carried out using fine graphite particles (13 µm) in order to validate the technology.
MINERALS ENGINEERING
P. BRITO-PARADA, K. WATERS
This article provides an overview of the contributions made in mineral processing and extractive metallurgy, highlighting advancements in methodologies and technologies pertinent to the field. The objective is to present a comprehensive analysis of recent developments that enhance the efficiency and efficacy of mineral processing operations. A systematic review was conducted, encompassing various
Briquetting in Metallurgy
Aitber Bizhanov
This book explores the critical role of briquetting technology in metallurgy, particularly in the context of modern information technology and digitalization. The objective is to provide a comprehensive overview of the advancements in briquetting processes and their applications for metallurgical waste management. The methodology includes a detailed examination of state-of-the-art technologies and
The Extractive Metallurgy of Gold
J. C. Yannopoulos
The extractive metallurgy of gold is a comprehensive exploration of the methods and processes involved in the extraction and recovery of gold from various ores. The objective of this work is to provide an extensive overview of the physical and chemical properties of gold, the types of ores containing it, and the innovative techniques employed in its extraction. A thorough methodology is presented
OXYGEN ENRICHMENT OF FLUO-SOLIDS ROASTING AT ZINCOR
C. MacLagan, M. Cloete
This paper initially provides a brief overview of Zinc Corporation of South Africa Limited (Zincor), comparing original design parameters of the Zincor roasters to current operational practices and outlining requirements for efficient roasting. It addresses operational problems faced during the early to mid-1990s and describes an investigation aimed at improving overall roaster availability. The s
CLEAN AND EFFICIENT ROASTING SOLUTIONS WITH OUTOTEC’S CUTTING-EDGE TECHNOLOGY
A. Charitos, J. Hammerschmidt
A significant area of Outotec’s business involves fluidized bed roasting. With several decades of experience, more than 300 reference plants, and strong R&D capabilities, the company provides several industries with optimum processing solutions. Applications include oxidation and sulfation of sulfides found in copper, pyrite, and zinc concentrates. Gold production and de-arsenifying roasting are a