Thermodynamics

Study on Magnetic Roasting Kinetic of Oolitic Hematite

Yufeng Guo, Linjiang Qing

The dynamics of oolitic hematite magnetic roasting was studied to develop efficient methods for exploiting this abundant resource, which constitutes a significant portion of China's iron ore reserves. The objective was to determine the controlling factors of magnetic roasting, specifically focusing on internal diffusion and the effects of additives. Experiments were conducted at a roasting tempera

Roasting Kinetics of Molybdenite Concentrates

T. Marin, G. Riveros

Roasting of molybdenite concentrate is an important stage in the production of commercial molybdenum trioxide. The oxidation kinetics and mechanism of molybdenum sulfide concentrates from two plants were investigated at temperatures from 444 °C to 640 °C. The rate of reaction was determined for thin layer samples in a muffle furnace at controlled temperatures, oxygen excess, and removal of sulfur

Study on the Reaction System of Copper and Iron Sulfides during Roasting

E Brocchi, P Jena

Sulfi de concentrates are essential raw materials in metallic copper production, as their roasting processes yield various products, such as copper sulphate and iron oxides. This study aimed to investigate the thermodynamics and kinetics of the roasting reaction system involving copper and iron sulfides, providing insights into necessary conditions for selectively obtaining specific compounds. Usin

Chlorination Roasting of Rare Earth Element Oxides

Daniel W. Gaede, Bryce D. Ruffier

The Army Research Laboratory (ARL) has an interest in the recovery and processing of rare earth elements. At Montana Tech, elevated temperature chlorination of rare earth oxides is presently being investigated as a potential method leading to the selective separation and recovery of rare earth elements from mineral ores and concentrates. After preliminary evaluation, ytterbium oxide was selected a

Experimental Investigation of Steam Pressure Coffee Extraction in a Stove-top Coffee Maker

L. Navarini, E. Nobile

The most common household brewing method in Italy makes use of a stove-top coffee-maker known as moka. This device utilizes steam pressure from an autoclave-type aluminum kettle to force water through a coffee bed in a funnel-shaped filter. Despite the widespread use of moka, there has been a lack of detailed analysis, leading to common misconceptions about its operation, including the mistaken be

Thermodynamics of transition metal electrodeposition in concentrated aqueous electrolytes

Jing Liu, Thomas Webb

Electrodeposition of transition metals (TMs) is important for energy storage and sustainable metal production (such as ironmaking), but the reactivity of the M2+/M redox pair in concentrated aqueous electrolytes has never been examined, despite its critical role in regulating TM electrodeposition faradaic efficiency, a critical performance metrics for metal batteries and electrowinning. For the fi

Lessen Plan BTech CHE Even Semester 2017 18 1

K. V. Narayanan, J. M. Smith

The course `Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics-I` aims to equip students with the fundamental principles and applications of thermodynamics in chemical process design. It covers core topics including the laws of thermodynamics, estimation of thermodynamic properties, and phase equilibria. The methodology comprises lectures, practical demonstrations, and evaluations through internal assessments an

Thermodynamic analysis of The sulphaTiza

Peter Iliev, Vladislava Stefanova

Analytical studies of the physicochemical interactions and isothermal equilibriums in the Cu-Fe-S-O system were conducted at temperatures 1623K, 1373K and 973K by using the software HSC Chemistry ver.7.1 modules: Reaction Equations and Lpp diagrams. The thermodynamical stability of phases in Cu-S-O and Fe-S-O systems was determined under specific conditions. The tendencies of their variation upon

Role of Temperature in Na 2 SO 4 K 2 SO

Yaping Wang, Rishi Pillai

This study investigates the role of temperature in the hot corrosion process of nickel-aluminum coatings on nickel-based superalloys induced by sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) and potassium sulfate (K2SO4) deposits. The objective is to elucidate the mechanisms underlying Type II hot corrosion, which is less well-understood compared to Type I. Methodologically, experiments were conducted to analyze the int

Physical Property Data

AspenTech

This reference manual provides comprehensive guidance on the usage of Aspen Plus software for process modeling, specifically focusing on the physical property data essential for accurate simulations. The objective is to assist users in effectively leveraging the software’s capabilities to model chemical processes. The methodology encompasses an in-depth explanation of the physical property data, i

Roasting of Sulfide Minerals

Unknown, Unknown

Roasting of sulfide minerals is a crucial process in the extraction of metals, where air, often enriched with oxygen, interacts with sulfide mineral concentrates at elevated temperatures. This study aims to explore the various objectives of roasting, the chemical and thermodynamic intricacies involved, and the techniques employed to enhance metal recovery. Methodologically, the research utilizes a

2022 Zhongji Sun Thermodynamics guided alloy and process design for additive manufacturing

Zhongji Sun, Dirk Ponge

In conventional processing, metals are typically subjected to multiple manufacturing steps such as casting, plastic deformation, and heat treatment to achieve the desired properties. In contrast, additive manufacturing (AM) requires achieving the same target in a single fabrication process that involves solidification and cyclic remelting. The thermodynamic and kinetic differences between solid an

Thermodynamics-guided alloy and process design for additive manufacturing

Zhongji Sun, Yan Ma

In conventional processing, metals go through multiple manufacturing steps including casting, plastic deformation, and heat treatment to achieve the desired property. In contrast, additive manufacturing (AM) requires achieving similar properties in a single fabrication process involving solidification and cyclic remelting. This study addresses the thermal and kinetic differences between solid and

Effect of Direct Reduced Iron (DRI) on Dephosphorization of Molten Steel by Electric Arc Furnace Slag

JUNG HO HEO, JOO HYUN PARK

We investigated the effect of direct reduced iron (DRI) addition on dephosphorization of molten steel by electric arc furnace (EAF) slag at 1823 K (1550 °C). Various phenomena such as CO gas evolution and slagmaking by gangue oxides in DRI were experimentally observed at each reaction step. Thermodynamic behaviors of phosphorus, oxygen, and carbon were strongly dependent on DRI content. Basicity,

2026 Ganovska Eh pH diagrams for rare earth processing

Ema Gánovská, Martin Sisol

Rare earth elements (REEs), including yttrium, scandium and lanthanides, are essential for advanced technologies, particularly in electronics, defense and renewable energy systems. The main primary REE sources include bastnaesite, monazite and ion-adsorption clays, while secondary sources comprise permanent magnets, phosphors, LEDs and other technological waste. The growing demand, together with C

Thermodynamic study on the retardation of phase transformati 2026 Next M

Teng Li, Naoko Oono-Hori

Oxide dispersion-strengthened (ODS) steels are promising structural materials for advanced nuclear systems because finely dispersed nanosized oxides effectively suppress dislocation, grain-boundary, and phase-boundary motion. In this study, the effect of oxide particle dispersion on the α →γ transformation behavior in 11Cr-ODS steel was investigated using a thermodynamic reference framework. Speci

2026 Raquel Sanchez A Comparative Thermodynamic Study of Hydrogen and Carbon Based Reduction of Liquid EAF Slags s40831 026 01566 0

Raquel Sánchez, Javier Esteban‑Quiles

With the transition toward low-carbon steelmaking, the generation of electric arc furnace (EAF) slag will substantially increase in the coming decades. With up to 45 wt.% FeO, EAF slags represent a promising secondary iron resource. Recent studies have shown the potential of molecular hydrogen to reduce molten steelmaking slags; however, the fundamental thermodynamic behavior of liquid iron oxides

2025 Daniel Kavic Enhanced Temperature Prediction in Ladle Furnace Steel Refining Hybrid Process Modeling Based on Computational Thermodynamics and Statistical L

DANIEL KAVIC´, MICHAEL BERNHARD

The ladle furnace (LF) is pivotal in secondary steelmaking, facilitating the addition of alloying elements, homogenizing the melt, and eliminating non-metallic inclusions. Precise temperature control is crucial for reducing energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions during casting. This paper presents a hybrid model for temperature prediction in the LF, starting with an extensive literature r

A Comparative Thermodynamic Study of Hydrogen‑ and Carbon‑Based Reduction of Liquid EAF Slags

Raquel Sánchez, Javier Esteban‑Quiles

With the transition toward low-carbon steelmaking, the generation of electric arc furnace (EAF) slag will substantially increase in the coming decades. With up to 45 wt.% FeO, EAF slags represent a promising secondary iron resource. Recent studies have shown the potential of molecular hydrogen to reduce molten steelmaking slags; however, the fundamental thermodynamic behavior of liquid iron oxides

Selective Removal of Arsenic and Antimony from Pb-Ag Sulfide Concentrates by Alkaline Leaching: Thermodynamic and Kinetic Studies

Walter Blanco-Vino, Gerardo Zamora

Arsenic and antimony are impurities that reduce the economic value of concentrates due to the environmental problems they cause. The removal of these impurities by hydrometallurgical means has been highly studied for sulfide copper concentrates using different leaching agents in an alkaline medium (NaClO, H2O2, NaOH, Na2S, NaHS, and S). For a lead–silver concentrate consisting of galena, sphalerit

Literature Review and Thermodynamic Modelling of Roasting Processes for Lithium Extraction from Spodumene

Allen Yushark Fosu, Ndue Kanari

This review adds to the public domain literature on the extraction of lithium from mineral ores. The focus is on the pyrometallurgical pre-treatment of spodumene. Information on the phase transformation from α to β, the heat treatment methods as well as the behavior of various compounds in the roasting processes are evaluated. Insight into the chemical thermodynamics of the baking process is evalu

2018 Jinxia Zhang Atmospheric sulfuric acid leaching thermodynamics from metallurgical zinc bearing dust sludge ijht.360131

Jinxia Zhang, Weiguang Sun

In this study, we systematically investigated the influence of zinc and iron reactions within a sulfuric acid leaching system, focusing on the parameters affecting the leaching of zinc sulfate and the subsequent leachate purification conditions. We identified that the primary zinc and iron phases in metallurgical zinc-bearing dust sludge include ZnO, ZnS, ZnFe2O4, Fe, Fe2O3, and Fe3O4. Analyzing t

Thermodynamics of the Reduction Roasting of Nickeliferous Laterite Ores

R. Elliott, C. A. Pickles

The global nickel sulphide resources are becoming more difficult to mine and, as a result, there is increasing interest in the current and future development of the oxidic nickel laterite deposits. In comparison to the sulphide ores, the nickel laterites cannot be readily upgraded by conventional means, and growing attention is being focused on the development of new methods for processing these o

Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Sulfuric Acid Leaching Transformation of Rare Earth Fluoride Molten Salt Electrolysis Slag

Lijie Chen, Jiacong Xu

In the realm of rare earth element recovery through molten salt electrolysis, the loss of approximately 8% in waste molten salt slag poses significant challenges. Despite the pressing need for effective recycling technologies for rare earth molten salt slag, scant research has addressed this concern, necessitating a novel approach for its treatment. This study investigates the recovery of rare ear

Thermodynamics, Kinetics and Equilibrium Analysis of Sulphur dioxide Oxidation in a Catalytic Reactor

Wordu, A. A, Briggs, M. I. F

The research presents sulphur dioxide oxidation from elemental oxygen for a typical study of thermodynamics equilibrium constant of reversible reaction kinetics in a reactor system. A fundamental stoichiometric balanced chemical equation model on the species taking part in the sulphur dioxide SO2 oxidation reaction is applied for the study. Equilibrium compositions of the species involved in the r

THE USE OF THE RISING TEMPERATURE TECHNIQUE TO ESTABLISH KINE’I-IC PARAMETERS FOR SOLID-STATE DECOMPOSITIONS A VACUUM MICROBALANCE

D. DOLLIMORE, G. R HEAL

This study investigates the applicability of the rising temperature technique for establishing kinetic parameters in solid-state decompositions using vacuum microbalance methods. The primary objective is to address key experimental aspects affecting the apparent weight of substances under rising temperature conditions. Through a comprehensive theoretical treatment combining kinetic laws, including

An Introduction to Chemical Kinetics

Michel Soustelle

This document serves as an introduction to the fundamental concepts of chemical kinetics, aimed at providing a comprehensive understanding of reaction mechanisms and the kinetic properties of elementary reactions. The objective is to elucidate the relationship between reaction speeds, concentrations, and various influencing factors through systematic exploration of the topics. Methodologically, th

Removal of lead from aqueous solutions b

R. Kamaraj, P. Ganesan

The present study provides an electrocoagulation process for the removal of lead from water using magnesium and galvanized iron as anode and cathode, respectively. The various operating parameters such as the effect of initial pH, current density, electrode configuration, inter-electrode distance, co-existing ions and temperature on the removal efficiency of lead were studied. The results showed t

Proper Understanding of the Natures of Electric Charges and Magnetic Flux

Salama AbdelHady

According to an analogy between the laws that characterize the flow of heat, electric charges, and magnetic flux, and to results of Faraday’s experiments, the electric charge and the magnetic flux were defined and visualized in previous research as energy flux in the form of electromagnetic waves (EM) that have electric or magnetic potentials and that all potentials can be measured by the Volt. Th

Formation of nickel aluminides by mechanical alloying and thermodynamics of interaction

V.K. Portnoy, A.M. Blinov

Structure and temperature stability of Ni-Al alloys obtained by mechanical alloying (MA) were studied using X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). MA of Ni-Al powders produces the B2 phase for the composition range 40-61 at.% Ni, and a nanocrystalline supersaturated solid solution Ni(Al) in the range 65-85 at.% Ni. MA of Ni-Al leads to a nanocrystalline phase, probably with

Thermodynamic studies of the strontium adsorption on iron species generated by electrocoagulation

J.R. Parga, G. González

This study investigates the thermodynamic aspects of strontium adsorption on iron species produced through electrocoagulation processes. The objective is to gain a better understanding of the parameters influencing the adsorption mechanism and efficiency. A series of controlled experiments were conducted using electrocoagulated iron to assess strontium removal effectiveness under various condition

Disposal of nuclear waste in host rock formations featuring high-saline solutions – Implementation of a thermodynamic reference database (THEREDA)

H.C. Moog, F. Bok

Research on the solubility of hazardous substances in saturated salt solutions is an ongoing task in Germany, involving multiple institutions contributing based on their respective expertise. The main objective of this paper is to detail the design of a common thermodynamic reference database (THEREDA), which facilitates the management of thermodynamic equilibrium calculations through the creation

Precipitation and Deposition of Aluminum-Containing Species in Tank Wastes

Shas V. Mattigod, David T. Hobbs

This study addresses the challenges posed by aluminum-containing phases during the processing of radioactive tank wastes, specifically focusing on the precipitation and deposition of these species which can lead to operational disruptions. The primary objective is to understand the factors influencing the formation and transformation of aluminosilicate phases, particularly in regards to minimizing

Oxy fluoro aluminate complexes in molten

S. K. Ratkje

Cryoscopic measurements on the KF rich side in the reciprocal salt system KF-AlF3-KlO-Al2Os are presented. The amounts of K, AlF3, and K2O added to KF are so small that ideal Henrian behaviour of the solution can be expected. The results indicate complex formations with the Al2OF2 complex as the dominating species for atomic ratio O/Al < 0.3 and a mol fraction of K2AlF4 < 0.05, agreeing with simil

The content of sodium in aluminium durin

P. Fellner, M. Korenko

The content of sodium in molten aluminium during electrolysis of the molten system Na3AlF6–NaCl–Al2O3 was investigated at temperatures of 750, 890, and 1000°C, with corresponding measurements of the cathodic overvoltage. It was found that experimental data on cathodic overvoltage aligned closely with the predicted values based on sodium concentrations in molten aluminium, revealing that saturation

On the solubility of aluminum in cryolit

R. 0DEG~RD, ~. STERTEN

The solubility of aluminum in NaF-A1F3-A1203 melts with various additives was investigated to understand its dependence on molar ratios and temperature. The objective of this study was to provide a reliable equation for the equilibrium concentration of dissolved aluminum in cryolitic melts and to present a model for dissolved aluminum species involved in the dissolution reaction. Employing experim

Local heat changes during aluminium elec

Srcm IOELSTRUP RATKJE

Local heat effects caused by electric current in the industrial electrolysis of aluminium are calculated using a non-equilibrium theory known as the electric work method. This study aims to quantify local heat changes connected to the electric current in aluminium electrolysis, taking into account factors such as electrode overpotentials, ohmic resistance, and the reactions at each electrode. By u

A Density Model Based on the Modified Qu

CHRISTIAN ROBELIN, PATRICE CHARTRAND

A theoretical model for the density of multicomponent inorganic liquids based on the modified quasichemical model is proposed and applied to the NaF-AlF3-CaF2-Al2O3 electrolyte. The objective is to reproduce and predict the molar volume and the density of this liquid phase through the introduction of temperature-dependent molar volume expressions for the pure fluorides and oxides, in addition to p

The Thermal Efficiency of Some Natural Ventilation Cycles

C. J. Hall

This study investigates the thermal efficiency of natural ventilation cycles, portraying them as analogous to the Joule or Brayton cycle, characterized by reversible adiabatic processes and constant pressure phases. The primary objective was to analyze two variations of the Joule cycle using dry air and humid air as working substances. The methodology involves evaluating the thermal efficiency in

Fundamental aspects of nickel electrowin

Jinxing Ji

Nickel electrowinning from chloride electrolytes is an innovative and efficient process developed and commercialized mainly by Falconbridge Ltd. Several fundamental aspects related to this process have been addressed in this thesis, including the thermodynamic study of nickel electrolytes, the measurement and modelling of the cathode surface pH during nickel electrowinning, and the kinetic study o

What Is The Matter With de Broglie Waves

Constantinos Ragazas

The wave-particle duality of photons, as proposed by Einstein, gained acceptance by the early 1920s, while de Broglie's hypothesis in 1924 about the wave-particle duality of matter fueled the development of quantum mechanics. This assertion, which challenges common sense, raises the question: what is the matter with de Broglie waves? This paper aims to address this inquiry by demonstrating the ori

POWER GENERATION BASED ON WASTE HEAT REC

Mandadi V L N S Karthikeya Sharma

Production of electricity from low or moderate temperatures is very difficult, necessitating modern techniques for efficient energy conversion. In numerous industries, a significant amount of low-grade energy is lost to the atmosphere, particularly in power and process plants. This paper proposes the utilization of the Kalina cycle as a modern thermodynamic tool for recovering this lost energy. Co

Thermal Energy and Power Production Impa

Vishnu Sajith, Meenakshi Ashok

This paper explores the intricate relationships between thermal energy, power production, and their environmental impacts. The objective is to analyze the fundamental concepts of thermodynamics and elucidate the correlation that exists between thermal energy and thermal power generation. We adopt a comprehensive literature review methodology, emphasizing the principles of thermodynamics that gover

Fundamentals of Thermal Power Generation

Mohammed Elamin

This review article discusses the different aspects of thermal power generation including plant components, engine types and the fundamental of thermodynamics with respect to power generation. The main components of thermal power plants and their role in the operation of the power plant are discussed. Understanding the main concepts of Rankine cycle, thermodynamics, and heat transfer laws is vital

Efficiencies and indicators defined to p

Svein J. Nesheim, Ivar S. Ertesva ˚g

Efficiencies and other indicators of the performance of combined heat and power (CHP) are reviewed and compared. The emphasis is put on those indicators that are used in the legislation of Belgium (Flanders, Brussels and Walloon regions), the Netherlands, Spain, Portugal, the UK and the USA. These are compared with an exergy based evaluation of CHP. Several series of test cases are run for a boiler

Combined heat and power considered as a

Robert Lowe

The first aim of this paper is to shed light on the thermodynamic reasons for the practical pursuit of low temperature operation by engineers involved in the design and the operation of combined heat and power (CHP) and district heating (DH) systems. The paper shows that the steam cycle of a combined heat and power generator is thermodynamically equivalent to a conventional steam cycle generator p

POWER PLANT TECHNOLOGY LECTURE NOTES

Engr Yuri G. Melliza

This document provides a comprehensive overview of power plant technology with a focus on wind energy and its conversion into mechanical and electrical energy. The objective is to introduce concepts related to thermodynamics and the principles governing wind power generation. The methodology includes a detailed examination of various forms of energy, including kinetic, potential, and thermal energ

Thermodynamics of Converting High-Impurity Copper Matte

M Devia, M Cerna

As long as the tendency of Chilean copper ores continues to feature high levels of impurities, the smelters face significant challenges in producing high-quality copper. This paper aims to analyze the thermodynamics involved in the conversion of high-impurity copper matte, particularly focusing on the variations in established technologies used for smelting. The methodology includes evaluating the

Reducing Treatment of Copper-smelting Slag: Thermodynamic Analysis of Impurities Behavior

Alexey Komkov, Rostislav Kamkin

This study develops a thermodynamic mathematical model to analyze the behavior of lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and arsenic (As) during the reduction of copper-smelting slag in the Vanyukov furnace. The objective was to investigate the influence of parameters such as temperature, oxygen partial pressure, and phase ratio on the distribution of these impurities. Utilizing the developed model, thorough analy

Physico chemical aspects of the behaviou

Christian Gatellier, Henri Gaye

Adequate physical and mechanical properties for numerous steel grades can be achieved only through precise control of the composition, morphology, and plasticity of oxide and sulfide inclusions present in the product. This study aims to analyze the behavior of these inclusions during the processing of liquid metal, focusing on deoxidation practices, calcium treatment, and slag-metal reactions. By

On Interaction Between Slag Steel and In

Lauri Holappa, Sonja Nurmi

The refining function of slags in ladle metallurgy involves the desulphurization process and the removal of inclusions from the steel melt during the deoxidation procedure. This review aims to explore the significant interaction between slag and steel, which enhances the overall efficiency of secondary steelmaking. The methodology includes a comprehensive examination of existing literature related

Experimental and theoretical study of Fe

JEAN LEHMANN, JACQUES Roux

This study investigates the compositions of (Fe2+, Mg)(Al, Fe3+)2O4 spinels equilibrated with a 1 M (Fe2+, Mg)Cl2 aqueous solution at 800°C and 4 kbars. The objective is to derive exchange isotherms between the chloride solution and (Mg, Fe2+)Al2O4 spinels and to establish activity-composition relationships within the binary join FeAl2O4-MgAl2O4, which displays a significant positive deviation fro

Calculations of activity composition rel

Jean Lehmann, Jacques Ronx

In this study, a model is developed for calculating activities in multisite solutions, particularly focusing on spinels. The Gibbs free energy is expressed as that of a solution with ideal cation mixing on each sublattice, adjusted by appropriate higher order terms. The activities of the ith end-member are expressed in a simplified manner involving site occupancy fractions and constant parameters,

Insights Thermodynamic in Basic Oxygen Steel Making Process

Prasenjit SINGHA

In this study, a thermodynamics model was developed for the basic oxygen steelmaking (BOS) process, which integrates both top and bottom blowing techniques. The primary objective was to enhance the understanding of refining kinetics within the BOS, which is significantly influenced by the formation of an emulsion zone that increases the interfaces between slag and metal. Several critical parameter

Silicomanganese production and the potential for chemical reaction as wear mechanism in the tap-hole area

Steenkamp, Basson

This study focuses on the tap-hole wear profile in submerged arc furnaces (SAFs) used for silicomanganese production, expanding on previous work by incorporating mass-transfer calculations to evaluate the potential extent of wear through chemical reactions. The objective was to elucidate the wear mechanisms present at the tap-hole interface where operational conditions allow for variable chemical

Thermodynamics of Phosphorus and Sulphur Removal during Basic Oxygen Steelmaking

S. Basu, A. K. Lahiri

The removal of impurity elements, particularly phosphorus and sulfur, from hot metal is crucial for the production of quality steel in basic oxygen steelmaking. This study aims to investigate the thermodynamic behavior of phosphorus and sulfur during the steelmaking process, addressing the differences in the distribution of these elements compared to earlier research. A comprehensive examination o

Assessment and application of equilibriu

S. K. Choudhary, S. N. Lenka

The present work carried out an assessment of various methods for calculation of equilibrium slag–metal phosphorous partition for basic oxygen steelmaking in order to select the most acceptable procedure for estimation of the dephosphorisation capability of basic oxygen furnace (BOF) converters at Tata Steel. Equilibrium phosphorous partition was calculated by a thermodynamic approach proposed in

Desulfurization in the Ladle Furnace Usi

Ahmet Geveci, Ender Keskinkilic

A predictive model of natural gas mixtur

Henry Espinoza, Luís Patino

En el presente trabajo se muestra el desarrollo de un modelo predictivo de la combustión de mezclas de gas natural para motores de encendido por chispa. El modelo se basa en la solución de dos zonas: una de mezcla combustible sin quemar y otra de productos de combustión. En cada una de ellas se resuelve para cada ángulo de giro del cigüeñal las ecuaciones de energía y conservación de la materia. L

Jarosite stability on Mars

Alexandra Navrotsky, Ferenc Lázár Forray, Alexandra Navrotskya

Jarosite, a potassium (sodium) iron sulphate hydrated mineral, has recently been identified on the martian surface by the Opportunity rover. Using recent thermochemical data, we calculate the equilibrium decomposition curve of jarosite and show that it is thermodynamically stable under most present martian pressures and temperatures. Its stability makes jarosite potentially useful to retain textur