Research Topic

Energy efficiency

Browse 60 curated documents about energy efficiency in The Archive — the 2RA-Edition digital library for engineering and scientific research. This collection of books, journal articles, theses, reports, and technical documents on energy efficiency spans extractive metallurgy, mining engineering, chemistry, and applied science. Every document is searchable in full text; sign in to read, download, ask AI questions about any document, or generate cited research drafts with the AI Researcher.

Computational Modelling and Simulation to Assist the Improvement of Thermal Performance and Energy Efficiency in Industrial Engineering Systems: Application to Cold Stores

Pedro Dinis Gaspar, Pedro Dinho da Silva

Computational modelling has emerged as a vital tool in the design and operation of engineering systems, particularly in improving energy efficiency and thermal performance in cold storage facilities. This chapter presents an analysis of three distinct computational tools utilized to enhance the operational efficiency of a specific agrifood company’s cold storage system. Initially, Computational Fl

2016enPDF

Optimization of turbulent air jet imping

Shantanu Shevade, Muhammad Rahman

The commercial foodservice industry faces challenges in enhancing equipment performance while reducing energy consumption, necessitating innovative cooking techniques that preserve food quality. This study focuses on the optimization of turbulent air jet impingement as a method for improving energy efficiency in commercial cooking. By examining the principles of jet impingement and its effects on

2026enPDF

New efficiency opportunities arising fro

Francesca Bonfá, Miriam Benedetti

Most of the production facilities in Europe make use of compressed air to drive equipment for manufacturing and Compressed Air Systems (CAS) account for about 10% of the total electrical energy consumption of European industries. Therefore, reducing CAS energy consumption is a crucial task to meet the European goals of improving energy efficiency and reducing environmental impact of the industrial

2026enPDF

Novel Binders and Methods for Agglomeration of Ore

S. K. Kawatra, T. C. Eisele

Heap leaching is one of the methods being used to recover metal from low grade ore deposits. The main problem faced during heap leaching is the migration of fine grained particles through the heap, forming impermeable beds which result in poor solution flow. The poor solution flow leads to less contact between the leach solution and the ore, resulting in low recovery rates. Agglomeration of ore in

2026enPDF

DE-EE0008317

Kelcey Garza, Eric Welte

This report presents the findings of a project aimed at achieving lifetime energy savings through the advanced manufacturing of low-density steels specifically designed for transportation applications. The objective was to investigate and enhance the manufacturing processes that could lead to significant energy savings over the lifecycle of the steel products. Methodologically, the project engaged

2022EnglishPDF

2015 Zhengjian Liu Low Carbon Operation of Super Large Blast Furnaces in China isijinternational.55.1146

Zheng-jian LIU, Jian-liang ZHANG

There are currently 19 super-large blast furnaces exceeding 4000 m³ operating in China, which have achieved significant advancements in low carbon operation in recent years. This paper aims to elucidate the low carbon operation technologies relevant to these super-large blast furnaces, focusing on two critical areas: raw materials preparation and blast furnace operation. In terms of raw materials

2026enPDF

Multi-Parameter Characteristics of Electric Arc Furnace Melting

Michał Moskal, Piotr Migas

The article presents the results of analyses of numerical modelling of selected factors in electric arc furnace melts. The aim of the study was to optimise the melting process in an electric arc furnace using statistical-thermodynamic modelling based on, among other things, multiple linear regression (MLR). The article presents tools and methods which make it possible to identify the most signific

2022enPDF

2026 Wu Memristor PWM Power Converters (1)

Fanfu Wu, Xiaoyi Lei, Yunting Liu

Memristors can achieve up to a 1000× reduction in energy consumption in neuromorphic and in-memory computing, but their integration into power converter control remains incomplete. Existing implementations either convert memristor outputs into digital signals for DSP-based pulse-width modulation (PWM), reintroducing computational overhead, or use analog PWM circuits with limited programmability. S

2026enPDF

EFFECTIVE USE OF ROTARY FURNACE SHELL HEAT

Julius Lisuch, Dusan Dorcak

A significant proportion of the total energy expenditure for heat treatment of raw materials ends up as heat losses through the shell of the rotary furnace. Currently, the waste heat is not used in any way and escapes into the environment. A controlled cooling system for the rotary furnace shell (CCSRF) is a new solution integrated into the technological process aimed at reducing the heat loss of

2014enPDF

Review of the molten salt technology and assessment of its potential to achieve an energy efficient heat management in a decarbonized chemical industry

de Figueiredo Luiz, D., Boon, J.

This review examines the molten salt technology, focusing on its potential to enhance energy-efficient heat management in a decarbonized chemical industry. With the pressing need for sustainable energy solutions, the study aims to assess how molten salt can play a crucial role in achieving low-carbon processes. Employing a comprehensive literature review and analysis of existing methodologies, the

2024enPDF

Modeling and Energy Efficiency Analysis of the Steelmaking Process in an Electric Arc Furnace

JESU´ S D. HERNA´ NDEZ, LUCA ONOFRI

This paper presents a comprehensive model of an industrial electric arc furnace (EAF) based on rigorous first-principles submodels of heat exchange and industrial experience. The model is designed for process simulation, optimization, and control applications, accounting for energy demands met by six sources, including electric arcs and oxy-fuel burners. Various mechanisms of heat exchange are pre

2022enPDF

Electrometallurgy Now and in the Future

Michael Free, Michael Moats

Electrolytic processing is used commercially to recover and/or refine metals such as aluminum, copper, magnesium, nickel, and zinc. There are also new and exciting opportunities to utilize electrometallurgy in the production of titanium, lead, and other metals. This paper reviews some of the main technologies that are used to produce and refine metals as well as some of the recent advances and fut

2026enPDF

Membrane Engineering for Sustainable Development: A Perspective

Aamer Ali, Enrico Drioli

Membrane engineering can offer an important contribution in realizing sustainable industrial development. It provides opportunities to redesign the conventional process of engineering in the logic of Process Intensification. Relatively new and less exploited membrane operations offer innovative solutions to the scarcity of raw materials, freshwater and energy. Here, we identify the most interestin

2017enPDF

Proceedings of The 13th Annual Newfoundland Electrical and Computer Engineering Conference (NECEC 2003)

Author 1, Author 2

This paper investigates the electrical and physical characteristics of a 5 kW fuel cell system designed for grid-connected operation, amidst the growing emphasis on distributed generation (DG) in the electricity market. With the advancement in fuel cell technology, particularly Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC), there arises a need to address challenges such as power quality, reliability

2003enPDF

HOW TO LIMIT THE HEAT LOSS OF ANODE STUBS AND CATHODE COLLECTOR BARS IN ORDER TO REDUCE CELL ENERGY CONSUMPTION

Marc Dupuis

This paper addresses the design of aluminum reduction cells that operate at approximately 11 kWh/kg Al, focusing on features that limit the heat loss from anode stubs and cathode collector bars. These design features, previously unmentioned, are examined in detail to reveal their contributions to reducing energy consumption. The methodology involves the modification of mathematical models that ana

2017enPDF

Finite Element Analysis of a Cylindrical Cathode Collector Bars Design

Olivier Lacroix, Richard Beeler

A new cathode design is investigated using the finite element method, in an attempt to improve the energy efficiency of a cell and reduce the premature wear of the cathode due to a non-uniform current distribution. This new design relies on cylindrical collector bars including copper inserts and eliminates the need of a cast iron interface to improve contact between the carbon blocks and the colle

2013enPDF

Energy and Exergy Analyses of Different

Mazin Obaidat, Ahmed Al-Ghandoor

This paper examines and compares different aluminum reduction technologies found in the literature as alternatives to the current Hall–Heroult technology. The main inefficiencies in the current Hall–Heroult technology were identified and the advantages of the different proposed technologies over the Hall–Heroult technology were determined. The comparison between the different technologies, namely

2026enPDF

A Numerical Approach on Waste Heat Recov

Youjian Yang, Wenju Tao

This paper proposes a technical viewpoint for the recovery of waste heat in aluminum electrolysis. The idea of combining the heat-generating electrolysis process and the heat-consuming aluminate tubed digestion process is discussed in detail. The structural design of the heat-exchanging system and the matching problems between the heat exchanger and cell design are also mentioned. Several major co

2026enPDF

Studies on the Hall Heroult aluminum ele

Shiva Prasad

Estudos da eletrólise da criolita-alumina fundida mostraram que nas melhores condições de operação, a 960oC, a eficiência energética é de apenas 33%. Encontrou-se que para o funcionamento estável da célula a 3% de alumina a relação NaF/AlF3, em peso-percentual, deve ser no mínimo 1,11. A fileira de ânodos posicionada junto a “down-stream” está sujeita a uma turbulência mais intensa, de modo que el

2026enPDF

Utilization of waste heat for pre-heating of anodes

Martin Grimstad, Kim Ronny Elstad

Carbon anodes are regularly replaced in Hall-Heroult cells due to their consumption by electrochemical reactions, which leads to local freezing of the bath and delays in production. This study investigates the potential of pre-heating anodes utilizing waste heat from off-gas and spent anode butts through numerical modeling in COMSOL and industrial measurements at the Alcoa Mosjøen smelter. Results

2019enPDF

Application of Thermodynamic Models for

PASCAL COURSOL, GILLES DUFOUR

During the last decade, significant improvements have been made in the application of thermodynamic models for studying the molten cryolite system used in the Hall–Heroult process. The objective of this study is to enhance the understanding of this process and facilitate advancements in bath chemistry and molten metal processing. To achieve this, thermodynamic modeling was employed to explore the

2026enPDF

A CRITICAL APPRAISAL AND REVIEW OF ALUMI

C N KANNAN, PS DESIKAN

This paper is an attempt to examine the current state of art of aluminium chloride electrolysis through a review of all the available published literature and patents so that this could help the formulation of the plans of work for any serious R&D effort to develop the chloride technology in this country. Even though the development of technology for aluminium chloride electrolysis is being carrie

2026enPDF

Status of the Alcoa Carbothermic Aluminum Project

Christina Viklund White, Øyvind Mikkelsen

Significant resources have been spent throughout the years in the investigation of production of aluminum by carbothermic reduction. Due to the technological challenges involved, the efforts have not yet resulted in a commercial process. An initiative to overcome issues that prevented previous attempts to succeed was taken by Alcoa through the Advanced Reactor Process. The research program has res

2026enPDF

Connected sensor cover self organization

Himanshu Gupta, Zongheng Zhou

Spatial query execution is a crucial functionality of sensor networks, focusing on gathering data from specific geographic regions. Reducing communication costs is vital, as it leads to efficient battery energy usage, which is limited in sensors. This study proposes a method to self-organize sensor networks in response to queries, utilizing algorithms that form a topology consisting of a minimal s

2026enPDF

Solutions For Growing the Power Factor Prevent A Reactive Electricity Tariff And Decrease Warmth On Installation With Bank Capacitors

Anggara Trisna Nugraha, Muhammad Syahid Messiah

This paper presents a study on the corrective measures to optimize power factors and reduce energy costs at PT. Intan Ustrix, a company engaged in the production of paper and cardboard. The objective of this research is to address the increasing operational costs driven by the induction motor's load in the manufacturing process. Through the installation of a capacitor bank, the study aims to impro

2021enPDF

Improving Power Quality of Induction Motors using Capacitor Bank

Prof. Vikramsingh R. Parihar, Samiksha Thakare

In this paper, the improvement in power factor of induction motors by using a capacitor bank is represented with the help of a MATLAB simulation model. The objective is to demonstrate how enhancing the power factor can lead to energy savings, which is a crucial goal for electrical utility companies. Low power factors necessitate a greater current supply to meet energy demands, resulting in increas

2018enPDF

Comparative Study of High Power Factor Boost Rectifiers in Continuous Conduction Mode

Márcio Renato da Silva, Dênis de Castro Pereira

This work presents a comparative study of single-phase boost-based ac-dc converters applied to power factor correction. Three structures are chosen for this purpose and analyzed in detail e.g. the classical boost converter, the bridgeless boost converter, and the boost converter based on the three-state switching cell (3SSC) operating in continuous conduction mode (CCM). The aforementioned topolog

2008ptPDF

Development of Analyzer Based Power Fact

Meddy S. Mangaring, Nikko Ardel P. Floretes

The ever increasing energy demand nationwide leads to the increase of distribution and transmission losses. Improving the power quality places an important role in suppressing power losses and disturbances in the electrical system. Mostly, electrical loads are inductive that generates reactive power component which causes poor power quality. However, correcting power factor by switching capacitor

2026enPDF

Modelling of Power Factor Correction as

France O. Akpojedje

The Nigeria power system has been undergoing several policy changes over the years in order to improve the power system and also to ensure increase in capacity and efficient electricity supply to Nigerians. However, these laudable goals are yet to be achieved and the small megawatts that Nigeria power sector generates are wasted by high reactive loads in many industrial sectors today by operating

2026enPDF

Power Factor Improvements and its Effect

M. Haroon Nadeem

Power factor (PF) plays a crucial role in electrical power systems, offering significant technical and financial advantages during power transfer. This paper addresses the issue of low PF, a common problem due to irregular load expansion, by presenting a novel technique for selecting appropriate capacitor sizes to mitigate PF penalties imposed by the Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA).

2026enPDF

Reactive Power Compensation Using an Ene

Michael V. Prato

A significant contributor to higher energy costs and reduced energy efficiency is the reactive power demand on the grid. Inductive power demand reduces power factor, increases energy losses during transmission, limits capacity, and can lead to the need for additional generation resources. The objective of this thesis is to investigate the role of an energy management system (EMS) in mitigating the

2026enPDF

Improving Energy Efficiency through Elec

Robert PECSI

This paper presents some results proving that a compensation unit (an active power filter controlled by a core soft modified by the author) capable to balance the three-phase currents is also able to achieve the compensation of the reactive power from the three-phase grid. The three-phased systems have been designed for direct symmetrical sinusoidal operation, but any unbalanced three-phase load c

2026enPDF

Comparison of Reactive Power Compensatio

Salim Adolfo Giha Yidi, Vladimir Sousa Santos

This paper compares concentrated and distributed reactive power compensation to improve the power factor at the point of common connection (PCC) of an industrial electrical system (IES) with harmonics. The electrical system under study has a low power factor, voltage variation, and harmonics caused by motors operating at low loads and powered by variable-speed drives. The designed compensation sys

2026enPDF

DETERMINATION OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPAC

Konrad Zajkowski, Serghei Scaticailov

The article discusses the problem of the determination of savings on active energy as a result of a reactive power compensation. Statutory guidance on the required energy audit to obtain white certificates in the European Union was followed. The paper presents a detailed analytical method and estimation method taking into account the impact on the line, transformer, and generator. The effect of re

2026enPDF

Settlement of reactive power compensatio

Konrad Zajkowski

The article discusses the problem of the determination of savings on active energy as a result of a reactive power compensation. Statutory guidance on the required energy audit to obtain white certificates in the European Union was followed. The analysis was made on the basis of Polish Law. The paper presents a detailed analytical method and an estimation method taking into account the impact on t

2026enPDF

Reactive Power Compensation Enhancing Po

Salohiddinov Fayzulloh Fazliddin o‘g‘li, Akbarov Sanjarbek Isroiljon o‘g‘li

Reactive power compensation plays a crucial role in maintaining the efficiency and stability of power systems. While active power is responsible for performing useful work, reactive power is essential for maintaining voltage levels and ensuring efficient power transmission. In this article, we explore the concept of reactive power compensation, its significance in power systems, various compensati

2026enPDF

Reactive Power Compensation

Kimberly Meyers, Martin Prado

Reactive power compensation serves to increase the power factor of large industrial loads and increase the efficiency of power transmission. In doing so, reactive power compensation decreases overall energy consumption and has lasting economic and environmental impacts. This paper discusses a simulation to model power consumption in a multitude of different loads, which gives industrial consumers

2026enPDF

AUTOMATIC POWER FACTOR CORRECTION UNIT

Prof.K.S.Pillangwad, Sakshi Pawar

Due to the growth of industry in modern civilization, energy usage has increased, necessitating power factor correction to minimize energy wastage and avoid penalties. A low power factor indicates higher current flow, which results in substantial voltage drop. This project aims to enhance the power factor of single-phase electricity through a capacitor switching method. The utility provider often

2018enPDF

Matlab Simulation for Power Factor Correction

Vishwanath Chalawadi, Sanjeeth P. Amminabhavi

Lower in Power Factor of electrical equipments will draws high current from supply power. The effect of this is affected by impedance of electrical equipment. Therefore, the main consideration of this study is how impedance of electrical equipment affects the power factor of electrical loads, and then distributed power as the whole. This study is important to verify the right action to increase lo

2022enPDF

ECONOMIC IMPROVEMENT OF POWER FACTOR CORRECTION: A CASE STUDY

Kassem Wahab

Power factor (PF) is a measure of energy efficiency, expressed as a percentage, representing the ratio of real power in kilowatts to apparent power in kilovolts amperes. In this study, we analyze the importance of improving PF through the application of capacitor banks in a Lebanese case study. By examining the economic benefits of power factor correction, this research reveals that improving PF r

2019enPDF

Power factor improvement

Neena Malhotra, Shivani Sehgal

To address the challenges of losses in the distribution system and electricity costs, this paper focuses on power factor correction through the installation of capacitors in sugar mills. The primary objective is to investigate the potential for improving the power factor from 0.8 to 0.95 by applying suitable capacitors close to inductive loads, specifically induction motors. The study employs a ca

2026enPDF

Household Energy Appliances in Cameroon

M. B. Manjia, F. H. Abanda

Many households in Cameroon live in energy poverty. Thus, energy usage and energy efficiency have become increasingly important in Cameroon. An important step towards improving building energy efficiency is knowledge about household energy appliances. In Cameroon, the construction sector is mostly informal, presenting huge challenges for stakeholders including clients or dwelling owners to establi

2026enPDF

A feasibility study of a residential pho

F.H. Abanda, M.B. Manjia

This paper presents a feasibility study of stand-alone solar photovoltaic (PV) systems for the electrification of three residential case study buildings (T4, T5 and T6) in the capital city of Yaoundé, Cameroon. The system was sized taking into account the load of the buildings and the available energy from the sun. The power, area of PV modules and daily energy generated by the PV for T4, T5 and T

2026enPDF

Solar Thermal-to-Electricity

Soeteman Arnout, Al-Hilal Basil

There is an ever increasing demand for clean, efficient, and predictable energy production. This can be achieved using free, abundantly available solar energy. Such a specification can be accomplished with a parabolic trough Concentrated Solar Power plant in conjunction with a thermal storage system, which allows for energy storage over medium-to-long periods of time with minimal energy losses to

2016enPDF

Solar thermal aided power generation

Eric Hu, YongPing Yang

Fossil fuel based power generation is and will still be the backbone of our world economy, albeit such form of power generation significantly contributes to global CO2 emissions. Solar energy is a clean, environmentally friendly energy source for power generation; however, solar photovoltaic electricity generation is not practical for large commercial scales due to its cost and high-tech nature. S

2009enPDF

Determination of Optimum Angles for Sola

Anand M. Sharan

In this paper, the optimum energy conversion condition of a stationary panel is calculated over a period of 180 days at various latitudes. The study considers different angular orientations of the sun’s rays on Earth, and the incident energy flux is resolved into three components to determine the conversion efficiency based on the flux normal for solar panels. The research divides the year into tw

2026enPDF

Waste Heat to Power Technologies Current

Erik Garofalo, Matteo Bevione

This paper discusses the critical issue of energy consumption and the potential of waste heat conversion technologies in achieving greater energy efficiency. The objective of the study is to evaluate current technologies, their applications, and future potential in the context of increasing global energy demands and climate change. A comprehensive review of existing literature and case studies on

2026enPDF

Smart thermoelectric waste heat generato

Gunay Omer, Abdullah Hakan Yavuz

Globally one third of energy consumption is attributable to the industrial sector, with up to fifty percent ultimately wasted as heat. Waste heat is difficult to identify and evaluate both in terms of quantity and quality. Therefore, waste heat recovery is very important in terms of reducing energy costs and environmental impacts. The method used for waste heat recovery must be feasible. In this s

2026enPDF

Role of Thermo Electric Generator in Rec

Om Prakash, Mukesh Pandey

Today, the world is facing significant challenges related to energy crisis and thermal energy management, particularly regarding environmental pollution. In internal combustion engines, a considerable amount of energy from the fuel, approximately 30-40%, is transformed into useful work, while the remainder is expelled as exhaust gases. This study explores the utilization of waste heat recovery sys

2026enPDF

Power Generation from Waste Heat Using H

M.F Remeli, L. Kiatbodin

This paper presents the investigation of power generation using the combination of heat pipes and thermo-electric generators. A majority of thermal energy in the industry is dissipated as waste heat to the environment. This waste heat can be utilized further for power generation. The related problems of global warming and dwindling fossil fuel supplies has led to improving the efficiency of any in

2026enPDF

Exploration of Thermoelectric Power Gene

Habib Muhammad Nazir Ahmad, Mustafa Mohammad Shaky

This manuscript investigates the possibility of using metallic alloy and their performance in terms of efficiency and power generation for generating thermoelectric power from waste heat sources. The first part of the manuscript comparatively discusses mainly different n-type and p-type metallic alloys' conductivity in both electrical and thermal manners as well as the Seebeck coefficient, which i

2026enPDF

Experimental Study On Waste Heat Recover

Nor Amelia Shafikah Mat Noh, Baljit Singh Bhathal Singh

An internal combustion engine (IC engine) represents a vital source of energy in transportation; however, a significant portion of the heat produced is wasted, necessitating effective recovery methods. This study investigates the potential of utilizing waste heat from an IC engine through a thermoelectric generator (TEG) to optimize power generation. The research focuses on the electrical characte

2026enPDF

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN ANALYSIS OF ELECTRIC

KANIKA AGGARWAL, VIGIL M UNNITHAN

Electricity is paramount for human life and industries, yet the existing energy supply is inadequate. This paper proposes a solution focusing on energy conservation through the recovery of waste heat from internal combustion engines. The objective is to generate power using waste heat, which can subsequently charge batteries and lower fuel consumption while enhancing battery lifespan. The study em

2026enPDF

Electric Power Generation from Waste Hea

Sana Ullah Khan, Irfan Khan

Waste heat is developed as a by-product in power generation, commercial procedures and electric machines, among others. Huge amounts of waste heat are produced by industry. The thermoelectric generator is one of the alternative sources for the generation of power. This device transforms heat directly into electrical energy using a phenomenon known as the 'Seebeck effect'. In this paper, we propose

2026enPDF

Analysis of the use of thermoelectric ge

Imansyah Ibnu Hakim, Nandy Putra

Waste heat recovery is one way to reduce the use of fossil fuels, one of them is by using thermoelectric generator to convert waste heat into electrical power directly, using Seebeck effect and Peltier effect as its working principle, so it can increase efficiency of energy consumption by utilizing waste heat from an instrument that generates waste heat. The focus of this research is to find the o

2026enPDF

A heat waste recovery system via thermoe

Chai-Phing Chen, Siaw-Paw Koh

Be it in the power production or consumption end, improvement on the power efficiency has become one of the most pivoting research topics over the past few decades. In order to reduce the reliance on fossil fuels and negative impacts on the environment, many ways are found to show promising results to increase power efficiency. One of the most effective ways is to recover and reuse heat waste. In

2026enPDF

WASTE HEAT TO POWER SYSTEMS

Unnamed, Unnamed

Waste heat to power (WHP) is the process of harnessing thermal energy discarded by industrial processes to generate electricity, a largely untapped potential in combined heat and power (CHP) systems. This paper reviews the opportunity for utilizing waste heat from energy-intensive industries such as refineries and steel mills, emphasizing the benefits of integrating WHP into existing thermal proce

2026enPDF

Technologies for reducing emissions and

Harri Auvinen, Ulla Santti

According to the Finnish Energy Association, in Finland roughly three-quarters of district heat production is based on combined heat and power (CHP) generation, with a significant market share of CHP-derived electricity. This study focuses on the city of Kuopio, noting the recent trends of decreasing fossil fuel use and increasing renewable fuel adoption in electricity production. The reductions i

2026enPDF

Electrical and engine driven heat pumps

Lu Aye, W.W.S. Charters

Much of the energy used for domestic, commercial and industrial purposes is to provide efficient and effective heating of conditioned spaces and for specialist niche applications in process heat systems. Vapour compression heat pumps driven by electric motors or engines provide the real capability of upgrading low temperature sources of ambient and waste heat to match the desired load temperatures

2026enPDF

Efficiencies and indicators defined to p

Svein J. Nesheim, Ivar S. Ertesva ˚g

Efficiencies and other indicators of the performance of combined heat and power (CHP) are reviewed and compared. The emphasis is put on those indicators that are used in the legislation of Belgium (Flanders, Brussels and Walloon regions), the Netherlands, Spain, Portugal, the UK and the USA. These are compared with an exergy based evaluation of CHP. Several series of test cases are run for a boiler

2026enPDF

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