Energy storage
Browse 60 curated documents about energy storage in The Archive — the 2RA-Edition digital library for engineering and scientific research. This collection of books, journal articles, theses, reports, and technical documents on energy storage spans extractive metallurgy, mining engineering, chemistry, and applied science. Every document is searchable in full text; sign in to read, download, ask AI questions about any document, or generate cited research drafts with the AI Researcher.
University of Bath
Falk Schneider
Marine litter is considered a common concern of humankind that poses a serious risk to marine life, human health and the economy. One of the most abundant and harmful types of marine litter is abandoned, lost or otherwise discarded fishing gear. This thesis conducts a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to evaluate the environmental impacts associated with the retrieval and waste management of derelict fi
University of Bath
Falk Schneider
Marine litter is considered a common concern of humankind that poses a serious risk to marine life, human health and the economy. One of the most abundant and harmful types of marine litter is abandoned, lost or otherwise discarded fishing gear. This thesis conducts a life cycle assessment (LCA) to evaluate the environmental impacts associated with the retrieval and waste management of derelict fi
Roadmap for a sustainable circular economy in lithium-ion and future battery technologies
Gavin D J Harper, Emma Kendrick
The transition to a sustainable circular economy represents a critical challenge in the context of increasing demand for lithium-ion and future battery technologies. This roadmap aims to outline strategies that promote sustainable practices within battery manufacturing and recycling processes. The methodology employed includes a comprehensive review of current practices, identification of barriers
Roadmap for a sustainable circular economy in lithium-ion and future battery technologies
Gavin D J Harper, Emma Kendrick
The transition towards a sustainable circular economy is crucial for the advancement of lithium-ion and future battery technologies. This roadmap aims to outline key strategies and actions necessary for developing more sustainable practices within the battery ecosystem. The objective is to provide a comprehensive framework that integrates environmental responsibility with technological innovation.
University of Bath
Joris Šimaitis
This thesis examines the future carbon footprints of batteries and passenger cars through a prospective life cycle assessment (pLCA) framework, leveraging climate mitigation pathways derived from integrated assessment models (IAMs). The objective is to assess how varying carbon reduction strategies influence the environmental impacts associated with battery production and the use of passenger vehi
University of Bath
Joris Šimaitis
This thesis explores the future carbon footprints of batteries and passenger cars through a prospective life cycle assessment (pLCA), utilizing climate mitigation pathways derived from integrated assessment models (IAMs). The objective is to evaluate the potential impact of different scenarios on the carbon emissions resulting from the production and use of these technologies. A detailed methodolo
The Material Separation Process for Recycling End-of-life Li-ion Batteries
Liurui Li
End-of-life lithium-ion batteries retired from portable electronics, electric vehicles (EVs), and power grids need to be properly recycled to save rare earth metals and avoid any hazardous threats to the environment. The recycling process of a Lithium-ion Battery Cell/Module includes storage, transportation, deactivation, disassembly, and material recovery. This study focused on the disassembly st
OPTIMIZATION OF BATTTERY
EDET DAVID KOKOETTE, Prof. Onuh Spencer, Edet David Kokoette, Onuh Spencer
The optimization of battery management systems (BMS) is essential for the effective operation of nano satellites, which require efficient energy management strategies to maximize their operational capabilities. This thesis aims to design and implement an optimized BMS tailored for nano satellites by employing various algorithms such as Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Genetic Algorithms (GA)
Plantilla PFC
Peiyuan Yu, Àngel Cuadras Tomas
This thesis explores the modelling of lithium batteries and integrates it into Kalman filtering to estimate the state of charge (SOC) of lithium batteries. As Li-ion batteries are used in many applications, from cell phones to electric vehicles, battery management systems (BMS) that ensure their safe and efficient operation have become critical. Meanwhile, accurate SOC estimation is a prerequisite
A Review on State-of-Charge Estimation Methods, Energy Storage Technologies and State-of-the-Art Simulators: Recent Developments and Challenges
Muhtahir O. Oloyede, Godfrey A. Akpakwu
Exact state-of-charge estimation is necessary for every application related to energy storage systems to protect the battery from deep discharging and overcharging. This leads to an improvement in discharge efficiency and extends the battery lifecycle. Batteries are a main source of energy and are usually monitored by management systems to achieve optimal use and protection. Coming up with effecti
An Integrated Life Cycle Assessment and System Dynamics Model for
Wenting Ma, Jian Li Hao
Since the building sector accounts for more than one third of global carbon emissions, it is imperative that the sector mitigate its emissions to help reach the goal of the COP26 climate conference of achieving a global net zero by mid-century. Building refurbishment (BR) is key to reducing carbon emissions in the building sector by reducing the operational energy consumption of existing buildings
An Integrated Life Cycle Assessment and System Dynamics Model for
Wenting Ma, Jian Li Hao
Since the building sector accounts for more than one third of global carbon emissions, it is imperative that the sector mitigate its emissions to help reach the goal of the COP26 climate conference of achieving a global net zero by mid-century. Building refurbishment (BR) is key to reducing carbon emissions in the building sector by reducing the operational energy consumption of existing buildings
OPTIMIZATION OF BATTERY
Edet David Kokoette, Onuh Spencer
This thesis presents the optimization of a battery management system (BMS) for nano satellites, aimed at enhancing their operational efficiency and longevity. The objective of the research was to develop a systematic methodology for optimizing the charging and discharging processes of lithium-ion batteries used in these systems. Utilizing a combination of algorithms including Social Group Optimiza
Topology optimization of 3D flow fields for flow
Tiras Y. Lin, Sarah E. Baker
As power generated from renewables becomes more readily available, the need for power-efficient energy storage devices, such as redox flow batteries, becomes critical for successful integration of renewables into the electrical grid. An important component in a redox flow battery is the planar flow field, which is usually composed of two-dimensional channels etched into a backing plate. As reactan
Topology optimization of 3D flow fields for flow
Tiras Y. Lin, Sarah E. Baker
As power generated from renewables becomes more readily available, the need for power-efficient energy storage devices, such as redox flow batteries, becomes critical for successful integration of renewables into the electrical grid. An important component in a redox flow battery is the planar flow field, which is usually composed of two-dimensional channels etched into a backing plate. As reactant-lade
State of Health Estimation for Second-Use Electric Vehicle Batteries in Grid Applications
Yousef Hassan A Alamri
The transition towards sustainable energy solutions has intensified the interest in second-use electric vehicle (EV) batteries, particularly in grid applications. This thesis aims to provide a comprehensive study on the state of health (SoH) estimation methods for these batteries to enhance their reliability and efficacy in energy storage systems. The methodology involves the development of advanc
State of Health Estimation for Second-Use Electric Vehicle Batteries in Grid Applications
Yousef Hassan A Alamri
The increasing integration of electric vehicles (EVs) into the grid presents unique challenges and opportunities in the management of their battery systems. This research aims to develop methods for estimating the state of health (SoH) of second-use electric vehicle batteries and assess their viability for grid applications. A thorough literature review was conducted to identify existing estimatio
Comparative Analysis of Artificial Intelligence and Statistical Models for Li-ion Battery Cells State Estimation in Electric Vehicles
Rasha H.A. Tabasha
This study investigates the comparative performance of artificial intelligence (AI) and statistical models in estimating the state of lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery cells used in electric vehicles (EVs). The primary objective is to evaluate the accuracy and efficiency of different estimation techniques, facilitating better management of battery performance and longevity. The methodology involves a c
Financial and Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Domestic PV-Battery Systems
Susan Isaya Sun
This research evaluates the environmental and financial performance of domestic photovoltaic (PV) battery systems, particularly in light of the benefits and drawbacks of integrated lithium-ion batteries. The objective was to analyze whether the use of batteries in conjunction with solar PV is beneficial for both environmental sustainability and financial viability. The methodology involved develop
Robust State of Health Estimation of Lithium-ion Batteries Using
Niankai Yang, Ziyou Song
The State of Health (SOH) of lithium-ion batteries is directly related to their safety and efficiency, yet effective assessment of SOH remains challenging for real-world applications. This paper investigates the estimation of SOH, specifically capacity fading, under partial discharge with varying State of Charge (SOC) levels. The challenge arises as partial discharge truncates the data available f
Integrated Optimal Fast Charging and Active
Zehui Lu, Hao Tu
This paper presents an integrated control strategy for optimal fast charging and active thermal management of Lithium-ion batteries in extreme ambient temperatures, striking a balance between charging speed and battery health. A control-oriented thermal-NDC (nonlinear double-capacitor) battery model is proposed to describe the electrical and thermal dynamics, incorporating the effects of both an a
Financial and Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Domestic PV-Battery Systems
Susan Isaya Sun
This research explores the environmental and financial implications of domestic photovoltaic (PV) battery systems in the context of increasing adoption of lithium-ion batteries for energy storage. The study aims to assess how these systems affect sustainability, particularly focusing on the time-varying nature of grid CO2 emissions. A comprehensive model was developed based on real-time PV and loa
Integrated Optimal Fast Charging and Active
Zehui Lu, Hao Tu
This paper presents an integrated control strategy for optimal fast charging and active thermal management of Lithium-ion batteries in extreme ambient temperatures, striking a balance between charging speed and battery health. A control-oriented thermal-NDC (nonlinear double-capacitor) battery model is proposed to describe the electrical and thermal dynamics, incorporating the effects of both an a
KAN-Therm: A Lightweight Battery Thermal Model Using Kolmogorov-Arnold Network
Soumyoraj Mallick, Faysal Ahamed
A battery management system (BMS) relies on real-time estimation of battery temperature distribution in battery cells to ensure safe and optimal operation of Lithium-ion batteries. However, physical BMS often suffers from memory and computational resource limitations required by high-fidelity models. This study proposes a Kolmogorov-Arnold network (KAN) based thermal model, KAN-therm, which aims t
KAN-Therm: A Lightweight Battery Thermal Model Using Kolmogorov-Arnold Network
Soumyoraj Mallick, Faysal Ahamed
A battery management system (BMS) relies on real-time estimation of battery temperature distribution in battery cells to ensure safe and optimal operation of Lithium-ion batteries. However, physical BMS often suffers from memory and computational resource limitations required by high-fidelity models. Temperature estimation of batteries for safety-critical systems using physics-based models on phys
Upcycling Low-Nickel Polycrystalline Cathodes from Retired Electric Vehicle Batteries
Guannan Qian, Zhiyuan Li
The electrification revolution in the automobile industry and other sectors demands an annual production capacity of batteries on the order of 10² gigawatt-hours, posing a significant challenge for the supply of essential materials like cobalt and nickel, as well as their recycling at the end of the battery life cycle. Current methods, such as pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical recycling, ar
Accepted Manuscript: Sustainable Energy, Grids and Networks, 2022, 100626, ISSN 2352-
Ana Foles, Luís Fialho
The variability of the solar resource is mainly caused by cloud passing, leading to rapid power fluctuations which can challenge energy management strategies. This study aims to implement a photovoltaic self-consumption and ramp-rate control algorithm using a vanadium redox flow battery. The methodology comprises the integration of day-to-day forecast charging profiles with the energy management s
Learning battery model parameter dynamics from
Antti Aitio, Dominik Jöst
Estimating state of health is a critical function of a battery management system but remains challenging due to the variability of operating conditions and usage requirements of real applications. This paper proposes a hybrid approach combining data- and model-driven techniques for battery health estimation. We demonstrate a Bayesian data-driven method, Gaussian process regression, to estimate mod
Three-dimensional Temperature Field
Ning Tian, Huazhen Fang
Despite the increasing use of lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) across various sectors, concerns about their thermal vulnerability persist. Uneven thermal distributions in LiB packs can lead to significant safety risks, including fires and explosions. This study aims to reconstruct the three-dimensional temperature field of a LiB pack in real time, addressing the challenge of achieving high-fidelity re
Sustainable management of lithium-ion batteries after use in electric vehicles
Kirti Richa
This dissertation explores the sustainable management of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) following their use in electric vehicles (EVs). The objective is to evaluate current practices and propose improved systems for the post-consumer phase of LIBs aimed at minimizing environmental impact and resource depletion. The methodology includes a comprehensive literature review, case studies, and an analysis
A Compact Hybrid Battery Thermal Management System for Enhanced Cooling
Zhipeng Liu, Jinrong Su
Hybrid battery thermal management systems (HBTMS) that combine active liquid cooling and passive phase change materials (PCM) have demonstrated significant potential for managing the thermal characteristics of lithium-ion batteries. Nevertheless, the volume of coolant and PCM is constrained by the size and weight of the HBTMS during high charge/discharge rates, which negatively impacts convective
xxxx-xxxx/xx/xxxxxx
Wafaa Al-Shatty, Tom Dunlop
As lithium-ion battery demand grows, so do fire safety challenges. Despite this, research on fire-damaged batteries remains limited. This study explores the distribution of valuable metals (such as Ni, Mn, Co, Cu) in two types of waste derived from lithium-ion nickel-manganese-cobalt oxide batteries (NMC811): black mass (BM) and fire-damaged waste (FD). It emphasizes that cobalt, manganese, and ni
Electrolyte Flow Rate Control for Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries using the Linear Parameter Varying Framework
Ryan McCloy, Yifeng Li
In this article, an electrolyte flow rate control approach is developed for an all-vanadium redox flow battery (VRB) system based on the linear parameter varying (LPV) framework. The electrolyte flow rate is regulated to provide a trade-off between stack voltage efficiency and pumping energy losses, so as to achieve optimal battery energy efficiency. The nonlinear process model is embedded in a li
A Compact Hybrid Battery Thermal Management System for Enhanced Cooling
Zhipeng Liu, Jinrong Su
Hybrid battery thermal management systems (HBTMS) combining active liquid cooling and passive phase change materials (PCM) cooling have shown potential for the thermal management of lithium-ion batteries. However, the fill volume of coolant and PCM in hybrid cooling systems is limited by the size and weight of the HBTMS at high charge/discharge rates. These limitations reduce convective heat trans
Economic controls co-design of hybrid
Jonathan Cohen, Michael Kane
Islanded microgrids powered by renewable energy require costly energy storage systems due to the uncontrollable generators. Energy storage needs are amplified when load and generation are misaligned on hourly, monthly, or seasonal timescales. Diversification of both loads and generation can smooth out such mismatches. This study presents a controls co-design approach to design an islanded microgri
Economic controls co-design of hybrid
Jonathan Cohen, Michael Kane
Islanded microgrids powered by renewable energy require costly energy storage systems due to the uncontrollable generators. Energy storage needs are amplified when load and generation are misaligned on hourly, monthly, or seasonal timescales. Diversification of both loads and generation can smooth out such mismatches. The ideal type of battery to smooth out remaining generation deficits will depen
Model-based upscaling of vanadium redox flow battery systems: engineering
Bence Sziffer, Viktor Józsa
Large-scale energy storage has become an inevitable solution for integrating stochastically available renewable energy sources into the electric grid. Vanadium redox flow batteries offer a viable option among other technologies, due to their long lifetime and independently scalable output power and capacity. The electrolyte temperature should be maintained within the range of 5–40 °C for safe oper
Physics-informed Machine Learning for Battery Pack Thermal
Zheng Liu, Yuan Jiang
With the popularity of electric vehicles, the demand for lithium-ion batteries is increasing. Temperature significantly influences batteries’ performance and safety. Battery thermal management systems can effectively control the temperature of batteries; therefore, batteries’ performance and safety can be ensured. However, the development process of battery thermal management systems is time-consu
Merging Physics-Based Synthetic Data and Machine Learning for
Yusheng Zheng, Yunhong Che, Wenxue Liu
Monitoring the internal temperature of lithium-ion batteries is essential to their safe operation, as thermal gradients develop naturally within the cell during usage. Since the internal temperature is less accessible than surface temperature, there is an urgent need to develop accurate and real-time estimation algorithms for better thermal management and safety. This work presents a novel framewo
Physics-informed Machine Learning for Battery Pack Thermal
Zheng Liu, Yuan Jiang
With the popularity of electric vehicles, the demand for lithium-ion batteries is increasing. Temperature significantly influences batteries' performance and safety. Battery thermal management systems can effectively control the temperature of batteries; therefore, batteries' performance and safety can be ensured. However, the development process of battery thermal management systems is time-consu
PREPARATION OF MANUSCRIPT FOR TIEES-98
Anupam Saha, Shinthia Binte Eskender
The overpotential, dissociation rate, electrode potential distributions and current density are suggested in this study to analyze the Nickel Vanadium Redox Flow Battery (NVRFB). Due to its large capacity and ecofriendly properties, NVRFB may be a viable option in the present state of energy constraint and environmental pollution. This study demonstrates that the Ni2+/Ni+ and V5+/V4+ ions have a h
Reverse Logistics Network Design to Estimate the Economic and Environmental Impacts of Take-back Legislation: A Case Study for E-waste Management System in Washington State
Hadi Moheb-Alizadeh, Amir Hossein Sadeghi
In recent years, recycling and disposal of end-of-life (EOL) electronic products has attracted considerable attention in response to concerns over resource recovery and environmental impacts of electronic waste (e-waste). In many countries, legislation to make manufacturers responsible for taking e-waste at the end of their useful lives either has been adopted or is being considered. In this paper
SOH-KLSTM: A Hybrid Kolmogorov-Arnold Network and LSTM Model for Enhanced Lithium-Ion Battery Health Monitoring
Imen Jarraya, Safa Ben Atitallah
Accurate and reliable State Of Health (SOH) estimation for Lithium (Li) batteries is critical to ensure the longevity, safety, and optimal performance of applications like electric vehicles, unmanned aerial vehicles, consumer electronics, and renewable energy storage systems. Conventional SOH estimation techniques fail to represent the non-linear and temporal aspects of battery degradation effecti
A Control-Oriented Simplified Single Particle Model with Grouped Parameter and Sensitivity Analysis for Lithium-Ion Batteries
Feng Guo, Luis D. Couto
Lithium-ion batteries are widely used in transportation, energy storage, and consumer electronics, driving the need for reliable battery management systems (BMS) for state estimation and control. The Single Particle Model (SPM) balances computational efficiency and accuracy but faces challenges in parameter estimation due to numerous parameters. Current SPM models using parabolic approximation int
Self-protecting aqueous lithium-ion batteries with smart ther-
Yuewang Yang, Zhaowen Bai
Capacity degradation and destructive hazards are two core challenges for lithium-ion batteries at high temperatures, which need to be solved urgently. This study aims to develop smart self-protecting aqueous lithium-ion batteries using thermoresponsive separators through in-situ polymerization on the hydrophilic separator. The proposed separators close the lithium ion transport channel at high tem
With the aim of moderating the consumption of traditional fuels and carbon
Zhen Zhang, Hongrui Sun
Capacity attenuation is one of the most intractable issues in the current application of the cells. The disintegration mechanism is known to be very complex across the system, making it a significant challenge to fully comprehend and accurately predict the process. This study employs machine learning (ML) technology to predict the specific capacity change of the cell throughout the cycle and grasp
With the aim of moderating the consumption of traditional fuels and carbon
Zhen Zhang, Hongrui Sun
Capacity attenuation presents a significant challenge in the application of lithium-ion batteries, complex due to the disintegration mechanisms at play. This study aims to address the intricacies of capacity prediction using a machine learning approach, specifically implementing the Whale Optimization Algorithm-Extreme Learning Machine (WOA-ELM) model. The model exhibited an R2 value of 0.9999871,
C2L-Net: A Data-Driven Model for State-of-Charge Estimation of Lithium-Ion Batteries During Discharge
Khoa Tran, T. Nguyen-Thoi
Accurate state-of-charge (SOC) estimation is critical for the safe and efficient operation of lithium-ion batteries in battery management systems (BMS). Although data-driven approaches can effectively capture nonlinear battery dynamics, many existing methods rely on long historical input sequences, resulting in high computational cost and introducing padding-induced positional bias at the beginnin
Size-dependent failure behavior of commercially available lithium-iron phosphate
Vishesh Shukla, Ashutosh Mishra
Under mechanical abuse conditions, failure of lithium-ion batteries occurs in stages characterized by different force, temperature and voltage response which require its in situ measurements for analysis. Firstly, four sizes of commercially available lithium-iron phosphate batteries (LFPB) viz. 18650, 22650, 26650, and 32650 are subjected to quasi static lateral, longitudinal compression, and nail
Battery State of Health Estimation Using LLM
Aybars Yunusoglu, Dexter Le
Battery health monitoring is critical for the efficient and reliable operation of electric vehicles (EVs). This study introduces a transformer-based framework for estimating the State of Health (SoH) and predicting the Remaining Useful Life (RUL) of lithium titanate (LTO) battery cells by utilizing both cycle-based and instantaneous discharge data. Testing on eight LTO cells under various cycling
Physics-Informed Machine Learning for Pouch Cell Temperature Estimation
Zheng Liu
Accurate temperature estimation of pouch cells with indirect liquid cooling is essential for optimizing battery thermal management systems for transportation electrification. However, it is challenging due to the computational expense of finite element simulations and the limitations of data-driven models. This paper presents a physics-informed machine learning (PIML) framework for the efficient a
Scaling and Analytical Approximation of Porous Electrode Theory for Reaction-limited Batteries
Shakul Pathak, Martin Z. Bazant
Porous electrode theory (PET) provides essential insights into electrochemical states, but its computational complexity hinders real-time control and obscures scaling relations. To bridge the gap between high-fidelity simulations and reduced-order models, we present a framework of scaling analysis and analytical approximations. By assuming high-performance electrodes minimize transport limitations
Howey_Reniers_Mulder_v2.2 clean preprint v3
Jorn M. Reniers, Grietus Mulder
Lithium-ion batteries are increasingly being deployed in liberalised electricity systems, where their use is driven by economic optimisation in a specific market context. However, battery degradation depends strongly on operational profile, and this is particularly variable in energy trading applications. Here, we present results from a year-long experiment where pairs of batteries were cycled wit
A DYNAMIC BATTERY STATE-OF-HEALTH FORECASTING MODEL FOR ELECTRIC TRUCKS: LI-ION BATTERIES CASE-STUDY
Matti Huotari, Shashank Arora
It is of extreme importance to monitor and manage the battery health to enhance the performance and decrease the maintenance cost of operating electric vehicles. This paper concerns the machine-learning-enabled state-of-health (SoH) prognosis for Li-ion batteries in electric trucks, where they are used as energy sources. The paper proposes methods to calculate SoH and cycle life for the battery pa
A DYNAMIC BATTERY STATE-OF-HEALTH FORECASTING MODEL FOR ELECTRIC TRUCKS: LI-ION BATTERIES CASE-STUDY
Matti Huotari, Shashank Arora
It is of extreme importance to monitor and manage the battery health to enhance the performance and decrease the maintenance cost of operating electric vehicles. This paper concerns the machine-learning-enabled state-of-health (SoH) prognosis for Li-ion batteries in electric trucks, where they are used as energy sources. The paper proposes methods to calculate SoH and cycle life for the battery pa
Scaling and Analytical Approximation of Porous Electrode Theory for Reaction-limited Batteries
Shakul Pathak, Martin Z. Bazant
Porous electrode theory (PET) provides essential insights into electrochemical states, but its computational complexity hinders real-time control and obscures scaling relations. To bridge the gap between high-fidelity simulations and reduced-order models, we present a framework of scaling analysis and analytical approximations. By assuming high-performance electrodes minimize transport limitations
Title Goes Here
George Crabtree
The Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR) seeks transformational change in transportation and the electricity grid driven by next generation high performance, low cost electricity storage. To pursue this transformative vision, JCESR introduces a new paradigm for battery research: integrating discovery science, battery design, research prototyping, and manufacturing collaboration in a si
Microsoft Word - Magnetic Properties of Li-ion Batttery Materials
Md Rakibul Karim Akanda, Amaya Alexandria Holmes
Lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) have transformed electrochemical energy storage technologies and made a substantial contribution to grid-scale energy storage and the e-mobility revolution. Notwithstanding their many benefits, safety issues—specifically, thermal runaway incidents—have drawn attention from all around the world. In addition to discussing safety concerns, cooling techniques, and the hist
On-board monitoring of 2-D spatially-resolved temperatures in cylindrical
Robert R. Richardson, Shi Zhao
Estimating the temperature distribution within Li-ion batteries during operation is critical for safety and control purposes. Although existing control-oriented thermal models - such as thermal equivalent circuits (TEC) - are computationally efficient, they only predict average temperatures, and are unable to predict the spatially resolved temperature distribution throughout the cell. We present a
Forecasting Electric Vehicle Battery Output Voltage: A Predictive Modeling Approach
Narayana Darapaneni, Ashish K
The rapid growth in the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) has underscored the importance of efficient battery management systems (BMS) that can accurately predict charging voltage. This study aims to explore the challenges faced in battery performance evaluation and the latest approaches for assessing battery states, while highlighting advancements in BMS technology. By leveraging machine learni